The first vote, allowing voters to elect their local representatives to the Bundestag, decides which candidates are sent to Parliament from the constituencies.

The Reform Act 1867 extended the franchise by 938, 427 – an increase of 88 % – by giving the vote to male householders and male lodgers paying at least 10 pounds for rooms and eliminating rotten boroughs with fewer than 10, 000 inhabitants, and granting constituencies to fifteen unrepresented towns, and extra representation in parliament to larger towns such as Liverpool and Manchester, which had previously been under-represented in Parliament.

The Act split all county constituencies ( which were represented by multiple MPs ) in to single-member constituencies, roughly corresponding to population patterns.

After the Reform Act, which disenfranchised many of the rotten boroughs ( boroughs that had declined in importance, had only a small population, and had only a handful of eligible voters ), parliamentary constituencies began to diverge from the ancient boroughs.

Nonconformist members and members from constituencies which would not have been affected by the Revised Book were only exercising their full legal rights in throwing out a Measure which was approved by the majority of English Members of Parliament.

" Egypt will be divided into 60 constituencies in accordance to the decree, 30 for the party lists system in which each list must include at least a woman candidate while the other 30 for the individual-candidate system in which the candidate shouldn't be affiliated to any political party.

The plurality voting system is a single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member constituencies.

On 4 March 1999, the ICANN Board, based in part on the DNSO proposals received, decided instead on an alternate construction for DNSO which delineated specific constituencies.

It is managed by a 16-member Board of Directors, which is composed of eight members selected by a Nominating Committee on which all the constituencies of ICANN are represented ; six representatives of its Supporting Organizations, sub-groups that deal with specific sections of the policies under ICANN's purview ; an At-Large seat filled by an At-Large Organization ; and the President / CEO, appointed by the Board.

The districts are further subdivided into 80 constituencies, which consist of 129 local community councils.

In 2011, MK issued a statement saying it " accused the Conservative / Liberal Democrat Coalition of treating Cornwall with absolute contempt " as a result of the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill, which seeks to equalise the size of constituencies.

The Territorial Council of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (), which was known until February 22, 2007 as the General Council ( Conseil général ), has 19 members, elected for a three year term in single seat constituencies.

At an Ard Chomhairle meeting, Adams recommended that they contest only four constituencies which were in border counties.

The Regional Council of Campania ( Consiglio Regionale della Campania ) is composed of 60 members, of which 47 are elected in provincial constituencies with proportional representation, 12 from the so-called " regional list " of the elected President and the last one is for the candidate for President who comes second, who usually becomes the leader of the opposition in the Council.

In borough constituencies all male householders living in properties worth at least ten pounds a year were given the right to vote – a measure which introduced to all boroughs a standardised form of franchise for the first time.

Gwynfor Evans lost Carmarthen to Labour, but regained the seat in October 1974, by which time the party had gained a further two MPs, representing the constituencies of Caernarfon and Merionethshire.

The legislative power rests with a Grand Assembly, which also meets on the Moon ( where the Imperial bureaucracy is also located ), most members representing an area of Earth or another planet, with other members representing constituencies not tied to any geographic place ; one represents space pilots, for instance, and another districtless university women.

Thus, disarmament may be part of a set of other strategies, like economic conversion, which aim to reduce the power of war making institutions and associated constituencies.

University constituencies may involve plural voting, in which eligible voters are permitted to vote in both a university constituency and a geographical constituency, or alternatively they may only be entitled to vote in one.

In this sense, the ROC government currently administering Taiwan is not the same ROC which accepted Japanese surrender because the ruling authorities were given popular mandate by different pools of constituencies: one is the mainland Chinese electorate, the other is the Taiwanese constituencies.

In the December 1918 general election, a large majority of Irish seats in the Westminster parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were won by Sinn Féin, with 73 of 105 constituencies returning Sinn Féin members.

Only the Sinn Féin candidates recognised the Second Dáil and five of these had been elected in two constituencies, one in each part of Ireland, so the total number of members who assembled in the Second Dáil was 125.

Unionists and members of the IPP refused to recognise the Dáil, and four Sinn Féin candidates had been elected in two different constituencies, so the First Dáil consisted of a total of sixty-nine Deputies or " TDs ".

MacNeill was released from prison in 1917 and was elected Member of Parliament for the National University of Ireland and Londonderry City constituencies for Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election.

In addition to ordinary geographical constituencies there were three university constituencies: the Queen's University of Belfast ( which returned a Unionist ) and the University of Dublin ( which returned two Unionists ), and the National University of Ireland ( which returned a member of Sinn Féin ).

For whatever reason, in the 73 constituencies in which Sinn Féin candidates were elected 25 were returned unopposed ( 17 were in Munster ).

Sinn Féin candidates were elected in 73 constituencies but four party candidates ( Arthur Griffith, Éamon de Valera, Eoin MacNeill and Liam Mellows ) were elected for two constituencies and so the total number of individual Sinn Féin MPs elected was 69.

The proportion of votes cast for Sinn Féin, namely 46. 9 % of votes for 48 " first past the post " seats won in the 76 constituencies it contested, is understated by the fact that 25 candidates in some of its strongest support bases were unopposed, reducing its real support level in these constituencies from a possible level of 80pc.

Sinn Féin candidates began to displace the SDLP from some nationalist constituencies after the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike, when the IRA hunger striker Bobby Sands was elected to the British Parliament in a by-election.

In most constituencies the new young local Sinn Féin organisation controlled the electoral scene well in advance of the election.

As a result in 25 constituencies the IPP did not contest the seats, and Sinn Féin candidates were returned unopposed.

In reality however, no contests occurred as all 128 MPs were returned unopposed with Sinn Féin winning all 124 seats which made up the borough and county constituencies and the seats allocated to the National University of Ireland and Unionists the 4 seats for graduates of University of Dublin.

He was elected to the 3rd Dáil at the 1922 general election as a Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin TD and at each subsequent general election as a Cumann na nGaedheal and later Fine Gael deputy for the constituencies of Kerry from 1923 to 1937 and Kerry South from 1937 until 1944.

He was a Sinn Féin and later a Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta Dála ( TD ) for various constituencies in Dublin and County Mayo and developed widespread business interests.

Subsequently Alliance took the controversial decision to withdraw from several constituencies which looked likely to be fierce contests between the Ulster Unionists and / or the SDLP against the Democratic Unionists and / or Sinn Féin, instead urging voters to support the pro Agreement candidate best placed for peace ( although Sinn Féin were pro-Agreement, its main rival for votes, the SDLP, was ideologically closer to the Alliance Party ).

Unlike the elections a year earlier where Sinn Féin had been returned unopposed in almost every constituency, this time other parties stood in most constituencies and thus forced elections.

Weiss stood in the four Belfast constituencies in the Northern Ireland Assembly elections in 2007, receiving a sixth preference vote from Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams.

* January 18-Sinn Féin decides to contest all 12 constituencies in the next Westminster elections in Northern Ireland.

In Poland's Sejm and Germany's Bundestag ( elected through the Additional member system ), this threshold is 5 % ( or 3 constituency seats in the Bundestag, but directly won constituencies are kept, regardless ).

The Whig party won almost all constituencies with genuine electorates, leaving the Tories with little more than the rotten boroughs.

Although it won only one seat in the National Assembly, it advanced to the second round in 132 constituencies.

Fianna Fáil won unexpected second seats in many Dublin constituencies, in particular.

However, the number of seats already won in the local constituencies is taken into account in the calculations for the list seats, and the first average taken in account for each party follows the number of FPTP seats won.

Manley, who may have been taken by surprise by the maneuver, led his party in a boycott of the elections, and so the Jamaica Labour Party won all seats in parliament against only marginal opposition in six of the sixty electoral constituencies.

The party won seven seats, all in the functional constituencies, eliminating its limited public mandate ; leader James Tien and deputy leader Selina Chow both lost their geographical constituency seats, following which they resigned their party functions.

Overhang seats can arise in elections under the traditional ( i. e. as it originated in Germany ) mixed member proportional ( MMP ) system, when a party is entitled to fewer seats as a result of party votes than it has won constituencies.

This only works, however, if the party's seat entitlement is less than ( or equal to ) the number of constituencies it won.

The party faced a landslide defeat at the hands of the Bangladesh Awami League in the 2008 Bangladesh general election, in which the 4-party alliance led by BNP won only 32 seats out of 299 constituencies, of which the BNP alone got 29.

The Unionists won only 30 of the ( now ) 71 constituencies.

In both the 1998 and 2000 Legislative Council ( LegCo ) elections, members of The Frontier won five seats in the geographical constituencies ( some of them run under the banner of other groups ):

As a result, the Democratic Party only won 9 seats ( 7 in geographical constituencies and 2 in functional constituencies ) overall, becoming the third largest party in LegCo behind the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong ( 12 ) and the Liberal Party ( 10 ).

In 1915, Blatchford formed the National Democratic and Labour Party ( NDP ) as a right-wing split-off from the British Socialist Party and for the 1918 General Election, the NDP stood in 18 constituencies and won 9 members of Parliament with a total of 156, 834 votes, making it the first party formed by a right-wing split from the Labour party in Britain to win seats in Parliament at a general election.

The party won 5 seats in the 1998 election of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, of which 2 were from functional constituencies and 3 were from the election commission.

Gathering and uniting the scattered socialist-marxist mass in one single center was considered Bhutto's greatest political achievements and as its result, the leftist and Bhutto's party won a large number of seats from constituencies in West-Pakistan.

The " Total votes " and " Percentage " columns include sums of votes won by pre-election coalitions SDP had been part of and the " Total seats " column includes sums of seats won by SDP in election constituencies plus representatives of ethnic minorities affiliated with SDP.

According to the Official Results, Bangladesh Awami League won 230 out of 299 constituencies, and together with its allies, had a total of 262 parliamentary seats.