The movement toward European unity has been expressed in two currents: federalism and functionalism, one looking to the constitution of a United States of Europe, the other building on wartime precedents of practical cooperation for the solution of specific problems.

) Hilton also claims a Roman Catholic monarch would therefore be unable to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury and points to the examples of European states that have similar religious provisions for their monarchs: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, whose constitutions compel their monarchs to be Lutherans, the Netherlands, the constitution of which insists its monarchs be members of the Protestant House of Orange, and Belgium, which has a constitution that provides for the succession to be through Roman Catholic houses.

The President of Germany, whose functions are mainly ceremonial under the German constitution, has his official residence in Schloss Bellevue.

Each of the Entities has its own constitution.

According to Article 89 of the constitution, the Council of the Republic has authority to make declarations of federal intervention, a state of emergency, and a state of siege ( all security-related issues ).

In most but not all modern states the constitution has supremacy over ordinary Statutory law ( see Uncodified constitution below ); in such states when an official act is unconstitutional, i. e. it is not a power granted to the government by the constitution, that act is null and void, and the nullification is ab initio, that is, from inception, not from the date of the finding.

The constitution has since been amended several times.

While the 1990 constitution remains in force, it has been amended four times since its adoption — in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2010.

This form of government differs from absolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution and has the powers to regulate his or her respective government.

* Virginia has been known as the " Commonwealth of Virginia " since before joining the United States, and is referred to as a Commonwealth in its constitution.

The act also codified many previously oral constitutional conventions and has made amendment of the constitution significantly more difficult.

While the constitution does not expressly state that these agreements are allowed, and constitutional scholars such as Laurence Tribe think they're unconstitutional, the U. S. Supreme Court has upheld their validity.

The code has been seen as an early example of a fundamental law regulating a government — i. e., a primitive form of what is now known as a constitution.

For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are generally protected by a constitution.

A new constitution was promulgated in 1997 but has not yet been implemented, and general elections have been postponed.

An amendment has recently been made to the constitution to demarcate at least the responsibility for EU military operations, which are unambiguously matters of national security and foreign policy.

The dogmatic constitution states that the Pope has " full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the whole Church " ( chapter 3: 9 ); and that, when he " speaks ex cathedra, that is, when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed his Church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals " ( chapter 4: 9 ).

While most of these migrations had an economic background, Germany has also been a prime destination for refugees from many developing countries, in part because its constitution long had a clause giving a ' right ' to political asylum, but restrictions over the years have since made it less attractive.

The constitution provides some cases where the President could exert more power, but this has never occurred.

The federal legislature has powers of exclusive jurisdiction and concurrent jurisdiction with the states in areas specifically enumerated by the constitution.

The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, who also acts as president of the state senate, to the same term ( keeping the same term lengths as the governor throughout all the constitutional revisions ).

That constitution delineates mechanisms for amending it, but it also declares eight articles immutable and unalterable and not subject to change, which include a guarantees of a republican form of government, and an explicit prohibition against presidential candidacy of anyone who has been president previously at any time or for any reason.

He instituted a corporatist constitution nicknamed the Polish, ( because it was said to have been inspired by a Polish constitution ), written by Francisco Campos.

On 20 June the deputies of the Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath, swearing not to separate until a constitution had been established.

Maguire had also been contacted by supporters of Gerry Adams, then and now President of Sinn Féin, and a supporter of the change in the Provisional IRA constitution.

Since 1982, however, the arguments have been easier to make, because lawyers have been able to cite the relevant sections of the constitution rather than rely upon legal abstraction.

Presided over by Jean-Sylvain Bailly, they made a ' solemn oath never to separate ' until a national constitution had been created.

There he learned that the Vermont Republic had declared independence in 1777, that a constitution had been drawn up, and that elections had been held.

# When the newly elected Reichstag first convened on March 23, 1933, ( not including the Communist delegates, since their party had already been banned by that time ) it passed the Enabling Act ( Ermächtigungsgesetz ), transferring all legislative powers to the Nazi government and, in effect, abolishing the remainder of the Weimar constitution as a whole.

Additionally, in 1932 the constitution had been amended to make the president of the High Court of Justice, not the chancellor, acting president pending new elections.

The highest state institution is the People's Consultative Assembly ( MPR ), whose functions previously included electing the president and vice president ( since 2004 the president has been elected directly by the people ), establishing broad guidelines of state policy, and amending the constitution.

Although its constitution and government policy preclude an offensive military role for Japan in international affairs, Japanese cooperation with the United States through the 1960 U. S .– Japan Security Treaty has been important to the peace and stability of East Asia.

The republican machinery had broken down under the weight of imperialism, the central government had become powerless, the provinces had been transformed into independent principalities under the absolute control of their governors, and the army had replaced the constitution as the means of accomplishing political goals.

After the constitution had been drafted, Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify it.

The death penalty was removed from peacetime law in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended its constitution in order to remove capital punishment in all circumstances.

Previously, the Canadian federal constitution could be amended by solitary act of the Canadian or British parliaments, by formal or informal agreement between the federal and provincial governments, or even simply by adoption as ordinary custom of an oral convention or unwritten tradition that was perceived to be the best way to do something.

On 1 December 1988, the Supreme Soviet amended the Soviet constitution to allow for the establishment of a Congress of People's Deputies as the Soviet Union's new supreme legislative body.

__NOTOC__The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a controversial and tightly controlled plebiscite on September 11, 1980, under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, partially effective March 11, 1981, fully effective 11 March 1990 and amended considerably on August 17, 1989 ( via referendum ) and on September 22, 2005 ( legislatively ), and also in 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, replaced the earlier constitution of 1925.

The constitution was amended to prohibit the military from playing an internal security role except under extraordinary circumstances.

In 1950 Grenada had its constitution amended to increase the number of elected seats on the Legislative Council from 5 to 8, to be elected by full adult franchise at the 1951 election.

Upon reunification in 1990, the constitution was amended to state that Germany's territory had reached its full extent.

Article 146 was amended so that Article 23 of the current constitution could be used for reunification.

A new constituent assembly amended the constitution, making Albania a kingdom and transforming Zogu into Zog I, " King of the Albanians.

Its constitution, as amended, includes the Declaration of Philadelphia ( 1944 ) on the aims and purposes of the organization.

The constitution of the state of Arkansas was amended in the general election of 2008 to, among other things, repeal a provision ( Article 3, Section 5 ) which had until its repeal prohibited " idiots or insane persons " from voting.

The amended constitution asserts that while it is the entitlement of " every person born in the island of Ireland … to be part of the Irish Nation " and to hold Irish citizenship, " a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means with the consent of a majority of the people, democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island.

In June 1982, the National Assembly amended the constitution, making Kenya officially a one-party state.

Akayev scheduled an October 1994 referendum, overwhelmingly approved by voters, which proposed two amendments to the constitution — one that would allow the constitution to be amended by means of a referendum, and the other creating a new bicameral parliament called the Jogorku Kenesh.

A February 1996 referendum — in violation of the constitution and the law on referendums — amended the constitution to give President Akayev more power.

A year later, the constitution was amended to provide for a Prime Minister on 10 March 1952, and Nkrumah was elected to that post by a secret ballot in the Assembly, 45 to 31, with eight abstentions on 21 March.

Executive power is under the constitution of 1868, as amended, exercised by the government, by the Grand Duke and the Council of Government ( cabinet ), which consists of a prime minister and several other ministers.

In 1986 the constitution of Lions Clubs International was amended to allow for women to become members.

The national constitution, the nation's supreme law, can be amended by a two-thirds majority in parliament.

In 1973 Nasir was elected to a second term under the constitution as amended in 1972, which extended the presidential term to five years and which also provided for the election of the prime minister by the Majlis.