* 1998 – Pakistan's National Assembly passes a constitutional amendment to make the " Qur ' an and Sunnah " the " supreme law " but the bill is defeated in the Senate.

Canadian scholar Richard Toporoski theorised in 1998 that " if, let us say, an alteration were to be made in the United Kingdom to the Act of Settlement 1701, providing for the succession of the Crown ... t is my opinion that the domestic constitutional law of Australia or Papua New Guinea, for example, would provide for the succession in those countries of the same person who became Sovereign of the United Kingdom.

In Canada, where the Act of Settlement is now a part of Canadian constitutional law, Tony O ' Donohue, a Canadian civic politician, took issue with the provisions that exclude Roman Catholics from the throne, and which make the monarch of Canada the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, requiring him or her to be an Anglican.

The band took its name from the Irish constitutional law guaranteeing freedom of the press.

Because the United States Constitution sets no limits on this tripartite authority of administrative agencies, Congress enacted the APA to establish fair administrative law procedures to comply with the constitutional requirements of due process.

The administrative law in Germany can be divided into three main parts, which are constitutional law,

Therefore, it is necessary to have the existence of a conflict in public law without any constitutional aspects and no assignment to another jurisdiction.

Since 1988, Brazilian administrative law has been strongly influenced by the judicial interpretations of the constitutional principles of public administration ( art.

An example from the constitutional law of sovereign states would be a provincial government in a federal state trying to legislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the federal government in the constitution, such as ratifying a treaty.

Aristotle ( ca 350 BC ) was one of the first in recorded history to make a formal distinction between ordinary law and constitutional law, establishing ideas of constitution and constitutionalism, and attempting to classify different forms of constitutional government.

Interactions between common law, constitutional law, statutory law and regulatory law also give rise to considerable complexity.

Justice Holmes cautioned that “ the proper derivation of general principals in both common and constitutional law ... arise gradually, in the emergence of a consensus from a multitude of particularized prior decisions .” Justice Cardozo noted the “ common law does not work from pre-established truths of universal and inflexible validity to conclusions derived from them deductively ,” but “ ts method is inductive, and it draws its generalizations from particulars .”

It was settled in the case of United States v. Hudson and Goodwin,, which decided that federal courts had no jurisdiction to define new common law crimes, and that there must always be a ( constitutional ) statute defining the offense and the penalty for it.

Courts generally interpret statutes that create new causes of action narrowly – that is, limited to their precise terms — because the courts generally recognize the legislature as being supreme in deciding the reach of judge-made law unless such statute should violate some " second order " constitutional law provision ( cf.

Alexander Hamilton emphasized in The Federalist that this New York constitutional provision expressly made the common law subject " to such alterations and provisions as the legislature shall from time to time make concerning the same.

Particularly since hardliners among the monarchs were the main adversaries, demands for freedom of the press and other liberal rights were most often uttered in connection with the demand for a united Germany, even though many revolutionaries-to-be had different opinions whether a republic or a constitutional monarchy would be the best solution for Germany.

After the Franco-Prussian War, Germany and Italy unified into nation states, and most European states had become constitutional monarchies by 1871.

Even though the revolutionaries were often defeated, most European states had become constitutional ( rather than absolute ) monarchies by 1871, and Germany and Italy had developed into nation states.

Germany has constitutional guarantees against improper detention and have been implemented in statutory law in a manner that can be considered as equivalent to writs of habeas corpus.

Germany recalled its ambassador to protest the " increasing brutality " of the regime, and foreign donors pressed Moi to allow other parties, which was done in December 1991 through a constitutional amendment.

Being a committed monarchist himself, Bismarck allowed no effective constitutional check on the power of the Emperor, thus placing a time bomb in the foundation of the Germany that he created.

For example, two countries which use representative democracy are the United Kingdom ( a constitutional monarchy ) and Germany ( a federal republic ).

It is an element of both the parliamentary system and presidential system of government and is typically used in a lower chamber such as the House of Commons ( UK ) or Bundestag ( Germany ), and is generally curtailed by constitutional constraints such as an upper chamber.

During the political turmoil in Germany, 1848 – 49, Hermann and Robert Grassmann published a Stettin newspaper calling for German unification under a constitutional monarchy.

However, there is no constitutional citizens ' initiative in Germany at a federal level.

Whereas states in a federal system of government ( e. g., Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, Brazil and the United States of America ) have a guaranteed constitutional existence, a devolved home rule system of government is created by ordinary legislation and can be reformed, or even abolished, by repeal or amendment of that ordinary legislation.

The outcome was of importance far beyond the narrow limits of the duchy ; for all Germany watched the constitutional experiments of the southern states.

* The World War II conduct of Leopold III included violation of constitutional principles, including surrender to Germany against ministerial advice.

This procedure is either formalized through constitutional convention, as is the case in Westminster style parliaments such as the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, or explicitly stated in a written constitution, as is the case with Germany and Spain.

The Bundesrat participates in legislation, alongside of the Bundestag, the directly elected representation of the people of Germany, with laws affecting state competences and all constitutional changes requiring the consent of the body.

His object was to make Germany as far as possible a united constitutional monarchy, with the exclusion of the whole of Austria, or at least, of its non-German parts.

Upon the re-militarization of West Germany in 1955, when it joined NATO, the Grundgesetz was amended to include constitutional provisions for command of the armed forces.

All over Bavaria, students started demonstrating for constitutional reform, just as students were doing in as in cities all over Germany.

The new Germany was to be a constitutional monarchy, and the office of head of state (" Emperor of the Germans ") was to be hereditary and held by the respective King of Prussia.

While the French revolution could draw on a nation state, the democratic and liberal forces in Germany of 1848 were confronted with the need to build a nation state and a constitutional state at once, which overstrained them.

The new government intended to leave the question of whether to retain the monarchy in the hands of the people, though it preferred to turn Germany into a constitutional monarchy in the person of one of the Kaiser's grandsons.

The general acceptance of the idea of governmental ( i.e., societal ) responsibility for the economic well-being of the American people is surely one of the two most significant watersheds in American constitutional history.

There is evidence that it will be happily received by Gov. Brown and the other constitutional incumbents.

Subject to certain constitutional restraints in favor of fair trials, each level of government is free to devise its own judicial procedures.

Armed with constitutional power to negate the Executive's foreign policy, the Senate carries a big stick and is easily provoked to use it on the State Department's back, or on the head of the Secretary of State.

Furthermore, as an encouragement to revisionist thinking, it manifestly is fair to admit that any fraternity has a constitutional right to refuse to accept persons it dislikes.

He said " A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people.

An appeal " as of right " is one that is guaranteed by statute or some underlying constitutional or legal principle.

It is distinguished from judicial review, which refers to the court's overriding constitutional or statutory right to determine if a legislative act or administrative decision is defective for jurisdictional or other reasons ( which may vary by jurisdiction ).

For example Connecticut applies the following standard to review unpreserved claims: 1. the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error ; 2. the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right ; 3. the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial ; 4. if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt.

The constitutional history of Aegina is unusually simple.

Botswana is formally a multiparty constitutional democracy.

Canada is a constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is head of state.