# Protection of Minorities – the principle that guides the other principles, but one which is also independent and fundamental because of its uniqueness to Canada relative to other federal, constitutional democracies.

They were reformed by a 2007 constitutional act, in order to clarify a situation that previously resulted in legal controversies.

Though, via adopting the Statute of Westminster, these constitutional laws as they apply to Canada now lie within the full control of the Canadian parliament, Canada also agreed not to change its rules of succession without the unanimous consent of, and a parallel change of succession in, the other realms, unless explicitly leaving the shared monarchy relationship ; a situation that applies symmetrically in all the other realms and has been likened to a treaty amongst these countries.

Although this situation is embarrassing from a constitutional point of view, authorities and courts are hesitant to act against it, for reasons of practicality.

Prince Carl was however well aware of a surge of republicanism in Norway and of the constitutional situation of the Norwegian throne.

Because of the party situation there have been constitutional conflicts between the Legislative Yuan and the executive branch over the process of appointment for the premier and whether the president has the power to call a special session.

Supporters of the Irish Labour Party stood aside to allow the constitutional situation to run its course.

A constitutional crisis is a situation that the legal system's constitution or other basic principles of operation appear unable to resolve ; it often results in a breakdown in the orderly operation of government.

Often, generally speaking, a constitutional crisis is a situation in which separate factions within a government disagree about the extent to which each of these factions hold sovereignty.

Therefore, there existed an ambiguous constitutional situation between 6 October 1900 and 31 May 1902, with two constitutional entities and two governments.

The constitutional delegation of authority that enabled Congress to enact the Presidential Succession Act is twofold: the authority of Congress to regulate cases when neither a President-elect, nor a Vice President-elect have qualified, determining who shall act as President in that specific situation stems from section 3 of the 20th Amendment.

Its formation, as one of five Yuans of the government, stemmed from the Three Principles of the People, the constitutional theory of Sun Yat-sen, but was adjusted constitutionally over the years to adapt to the situation in Taiwan by changes in the laws and the Constitution of the Republic of China.

When Emperor Franz Joseph finally resolved the confusing constitutional situation, and following completion of the Salzburg-Tyrol Railway in 1875, the town's trade and industry flourished.

This led N-VA to break up the cartel in September 2008, withdrawing its parliamentary support for the federal government ( which was thus left without a parliamentary majority in Flanders, a situation that is not unconstitutional but has been deemed undesirable by politicians and constitutional experts ).

Owing to the uncertainty of the political and constitutional situation in Fiji, I have now made up my mind to request Your Majesty to relieve me of my appointment as Governor-General with immediate effect.

Section 20 contains three clauses, covering the cases of person born on dates where Fiji's constitutional situation was ambiguous.

This is a constitutional right of every accused person who is unable to engage a lawyer and secure legal services on account of reasons such as poverty, indigence or incommunicado situation and the State is under a mandate to provide a lawyer to an accused person if the circumstances of the case and the needs of justice so required, provided of course the accused person does not object to the provision of such lawyer.

Unusually in a democracy, this gives the unelected Cabinet Secretary some authority over elected ministers ( a situation satirised in the BBC sitcom Yes, Prime Minister ), although the constitutional authority of the Code is somewhat ambiguous.

The Supreme Court subsequently validated the coup on the grounds that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments created a situation for which there was no constitutional remedy.

The Supreme Court later validated the removal on the grounds that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments resulted in a situation for which there was no constitutional remedy.

Though, via adopting the Statute of Westminster and the Imperial Laws Application Act 1988, these constitutional documents as they apply to New Zealand now lie within the full control of the New Zealand parliament, New Zealand also agreed not to change its rules of succession without the unanimous consent of the other realms, unless explicitly leaving the shared monarchy relationship ; a situation that applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the United Kingdom, and has been likened to a treaty amongst these countries.

In 2000, the U. S. Supreme Court upheld as constitutional the Wende procedure implemented by California to resolve this situation.

Chief Justice John Roberts has repeatedly pleaded for an increase in judicial pay, calling the situation a " constitutional crisis.

He thinks that the current formulation, based on Justice Holmes ' conception of free speech as a marketplace “ disserves the aspirations of those who wrote America ’ s founding document .” The purpose of this reformulation would be to “ reinvigorate processes of democratic deliberation, by ensuring greater attention to public issues and greater diversity of views .” He is concerned by the present “ situation in which like-minded people speak or listen mostly to one another ,” and thinks that in “ light of astonishing economic and technological changes, we must doubt whether, as interpreted, the constitutional guarantee of free speech is adequately serving democratic goals .” He proposes a “ New Deal for speech would draw on Justice Brandeis ' insistence on the role of free speech in promoting political deliberation and citizenship .”

In what has aptly been called a `` constitutional revolution '', the basic nature of government was transformed from one essentially negative in nature ( the `` night-watchman state '' ) to one with affirmative duties to perform.

Hands-off the economy was replaced by conscious guidance through planning -- the economic side of the constitutional revolution.

To avoid these constitutional difficulties, Mr. Justice Frankfurter was prepared to read the Taft-Hartley provision as concerned with diversity, rather than federal question, jurisdiction.

The third amended the enabling act for creation of the Lamar county Hospital District, for which a special constitutional amendment previously was adopted.

By December 1863 a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery absolutely was brought to Congress for passage.

Because constitutional claims are of great magnitude, appellate courts might be more lenient to review the claim even if it was not preserved.

His reign was marred by a constitutional struggle with the Aragonese nobles, which eventually culminated in the articles of the Union of Aragon-the so-called " Magna Carta of Aragon ", which devolved several key royal powers into the hands of lesser nobles.

The government, headed by Tony Blair, however, blocked all attempts to revise the succession laws, claiming it would raise too many constitutional issues and it was unnecessary at the time.

It commemorates the 1790 Fête de la Fédération, held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 ; the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille fortress-prison was seen as a symbol of the uprising of the modern nation, and of the reconciliation of all the French inside the constitutional monarchy which preceded the First Republic, during the French Revolution.

The Fête de la Fédération on the 14 July 1790 was a huge feast and official event to celebrate the uprising of the short-lived constitutional monarchy in France and what people considered the happy conclusion of the French Revolution.

Writing in 1947, Cyril Garbett comments :" The House of Commons was within its constitutional rights in rejecting in a few hours the work of many anxious years.

The Copenhagen Casino was a theatre, known for the use made of its hall for mass public meetings during the 1848 Revolution which made Denmark a constitutional monarchy.

Sometimes the problem is not that a statute is unconstitutional, but the application of it is, on a particular occasion, and a court may decide that while there are ways it could be applied that are constitutional, that instance was not allowed or legitimate.

Aristotle ( ca 350 BC ) was one of the first in recorded history to make a formal distinction between ordinary law and constitutional law, establishing ideas of constitution and constitutionalism, and attempting to classify different forms of constitutional government.

The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.

It was settled in the case of United States v. Hudson and Goodwin,, which decided that federal courts had no jurisdiction to define new common law crimes, and that there must always be a ( constitutional ) statute defining the offense and the penalty for it.

However, in November 1992 elections were held for an enlarged Legislative Assembly and the Government was soundly defeated, casting doubt on constitutional reform.

Subsequently in May 2005 the ruling UDP was ousted by the PPM, which restarted the process of constitutional modernisation.

General Kolingba was sworn in as constitutional President on 29 November 1986.

Not wanting to be part of Hitler's new regime, constitutional rule was restored in 1932, and a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged.

The latest country that was completely transformed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional democratic monarchy is Bhutan.

Hegel's forecast of a constitutional monarch with very limited powers whose function is to embody the national character and provide constitutional continuity in times of emergency was reflected in the development of constitutional monarchies in Europe and Japan.