The Washington state supreme court ruled that the state's occupation tax applied to sales, made at cost to an oil company, by a wholly-owned subsidiary set up to purchase certain supplies without divulging the identity of the parent.

) The court first ruled that the strike constituted only an indirect interference with commerce.

Therefore, if a lower court has ruled in an improper manner, or against legal precedent, that judgment will stand if not appealed – even if it might have been overturned on appeal.

In 746, Carloman ended an uprising by summarily executing all Alemannic nobility at the blood court at Cannstatt, and for the following century, Alemannia was ruled by Frankish dukes.

The Court ruled, " Although an Alford plea allows a defendant to plead guilty amid assertions of innocence, it does not require a court to accept those assertions.

In 2005, a California federal court ruled that a group alleging that anthroposophy is a religion for Establishment Clause purposes did not provide any legally admissible evidence in support of this view ; the case is under appeal.

In 2000, a French court ruled that a government minister's description of anthroposophy as a cult was defamatory.

A provincial court ruled that the Lord's Day Act was unconstitutional, but the Crown proceeded to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada.

In December 1978, the federal district court ruled in the university's favor ; two years later, that decision was overturned by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.

In contrast, on July 21, 2010, in a lawsuit involving whether college cheerleading qualified as a sport for purposes of Title IX, a federal court, citing a current lack of program development and organization, ruled that it does not, but may in the future.

In 1998, a United States federal district court in Virginia ruled that the imposition of mandatory filtering in a public library violates the First Amendment of the U. S. Bill of Rights.

In the 2011 court case AT & T Mobility v. Concepcion, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 decision that the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925 preempts state laws that prohibit contracts from disallowing class action lawsuits, which will make it more difficult for consumers to file class action lawsuits.

Courts have ruled as excessive and invalidated damages which the parties contracted as liquidated, but which the court nonetheless found to be penal.

However, a French court ruled, in June 1990, that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989, for the tower's 100th anniversary, was an " original visual creation " protected by copyright.

This was later reversed during 2002 in a landmark case before the US Supreme Court, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, in which the divided court, in a 5-4 decision, ruled the Ohio school voucher plan constitutional and removed any constitutional barriers to similar voucher plans in the future, with moderate justices Anthony Kennedy and Sandra Day O ' Connor and conservative justices William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas in the majority.

The court ruled that the OSP violated article IX, section 1 ( a ) of the Florida Constitution: " Adequate provision shall be made by law for a uniform, efficient, safe, secure, and high quality system of free public schools.

The court ruled that the painting “ an ominous creature like a rat ” amounts to “ an organized criminal activity " and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.

As early as 1935, however, a Prussian administrative court had ruled that the Gestapo's actions were not subject to judicial review.

The Marshall court ruled that while Native American tribes were sovereign nations ( Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831 ), state laws had no force on tribal lands ( Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 ).

In the landmark case of Frendak v. United States, the court ruled that the insanity defense cannot be imposed upon an unwilling defendant if an intelligent defendant voluntarily wishes to forego the defense.

2004 ), the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit the court ruled persons found not guilty by reason of insanity and later want to challenge their confinement may not attack their initial successful insanity defense:

In Wainwright v. Greenfield, the Court ruled that it was fundamentally unfair for the prosecutor to comment during the court proceedings on the petitioner's silence invoked as a result of a Miranda warning.

In the Durham case, the court ruled that a defendant is entitled to acquittal if the crime was the product of his mental illness ( i. e., crime would not have been committed but for the disease ).

The court ruled in Carpenter: " It is well established, as a general proposition, that a person who acquires special knowledge or information by virtue of a confidential or fiduciary relationship with another is not free to exploit that knowledge or information for his own personal benefit but must account to his principal for any profits derived therefrom.

Fewer than a third of all Russians regarded Stalin as a " murderous tyrant "; however, a Russian court in 2009, ruling on a suit by Stalin's grandson, Yevgeny Dzhugashvili, against the newspaper, Novaya Gazeta, ruled that referring to Stalin as a " bloodthirsty cannibal " was not libel.

This might be the proper standard of review, for example, if the lower court resolved the case by granting a pre-trial motion to dismiss or motion for summary judgment which is usually based only upon written submissions to the trial court and not on any trial testimony.

For the purpose of section 243 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations ( Consolidation ) Act 1992, a crime means an offence punishable on indictment, or an offence punishable on summary conviction, and for the commission of which the offender is liable under the statute making the offence punishable to be imprisoned either absolutely or at the discretion of the court as an alternative for some other punishment.

In the case of an order of summary punishment ( Strafbefehl ), which can be issued by the court without a trial for lesser misdemeanours ( German: Vergehen ), there is a further exception:

: d ) A summary of any court or arbitral proceedings in Italy related to the franchise system, and

In Canada, an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court, by judge alone in a superior court, or by judge and jury in a superior court ; summary offences cannot be tried by jury.

** Docket ( court ), the summary of proceedings in a court ( US )

* Appeals of summary conviction offences go first to the highest trial court within the jurisdiction ( e. g. provincial superior court in Alberta is the Court of Queen ’ s Bench ).

* Almost always heard first in a provincial court ( although some exceptions apply, such as a summary conviction offence included for trial with an indictable offence ).

In the United Kingdom, trials for summary offences are heard in one of a number of types of lower court.

Sometimes, particularly potent issues are brought before an appeals court, such as a constitutional determination made by a lower court, or summary judgment granted by a lower court.

In its judgment summary the Appeals Court said, " The trial court acted without jurisdiction in entering an injunction against the Election Commission.

** any person in England or Wales is likely to be able to give material evidence, or produce any document or thing likely to be material evidence, at the summary trial of an information by a magistrates ' court,

In September 2004, the court disagreed and granted summary judgement to Blizzard.

The district court properly granted summary judgement in favor of Blizzard and Vivendi on the operability exception.

* Third or subsequent offense: On summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding € 1, 269 or, at the discretion of the court, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months, or to both the fine and the imprisonment, or on conviction on indictment, to a fine of such amount as the court considers appropriate or, at the discretion of the court, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or to both the fine and the imprisonment.

Preceding every case entry is a headnote, a short summary in which a court reporter summarizes the opinion as well as outlining the main facts and arguments.