MRI of the cranium and orbits is also performed to exclude compressive and inflammatory lesions of the cranial nerves and ocular muscles.

The most important discovery from that era is a Neanderthal cranium ( c. 200, 000 BCE ), discovered near Gánovce, a village in northern Slovakia.

The earliest formally described fossil specimen is a cranium from the Fur Formation lover-eocene in Denmark ( 54 mya ).

Musgrave's study of the bones of Tomb II of Vergina found that the cranium of the male was deformed possibly by a trauma, a finding that is consistent with the history of Philip II.

Another complication in its classification is that it is older than the human – chimpanzee divergence ( estimated to ) seen in genetic data, and that there are few if any specimens other than the partial cranium known as Toumaï.

A newborn's head is very large in proportion to the body, and the cranium is enormous relative to his or her face.

The Negro race ... is marked by black complexion, crisped of woolly hair, compressed cranium and a flat nose, The projection of the lower parts of the face, and the thick lips, evidently approximate it to the monkey tribe: the hordes of which it consists have always remained in the most complete state of barbarism .</ blockquote />

The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible.

A skull without a mandible is only a cranium.

The English word " skull " is probably derived from Old Norse " skalli " meaning bald, while the Latin word cranium comes from the Greek root κρανίον ( kranion ).

The simpler structure is found in jawless fish, in which the cranium is represented by a trough-like basket of cartilaginous elements only partially enclosing the brain, and associated with the capsules for the inner ears and the single nostril.

The cranium is a single structure forming a case around the brain, enclosing the lower surface and the sides, but always at least partially open at the top as a large fontanelle.

The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla, with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone, the symplectic, linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium.

The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward ; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals.

In humans, as in other mammals, the aforementioned division of the skull into the cranium and mandible is not usually followed.

The vertical height of the cranium is high.

Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones, such as the pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae and scapulae, and in the cancellous (" spongy ") material at the epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus.

The name is derived from the two bones which form the joint: the upper temporal bone which is part of the cranium ( skull ), and the lower jaw bone called the mandible.

" From the earliest to the latest of Oken's writings on the subject, " the head is a repetition of the whole trunk with all its systems: the brain is the spinal cord ; the cranium is the vertebral column ; the mouth is intestine and abdomen ; the nose is the lungs and thorax ; the jaws are the limbs ; and the teeth the claws or nails.

The least common sites of preserved injury are the cranium and forelimb, with injuries occurring in about equal frequency at each site.

Modern science has since confirmed that there is a correlation between cranium size ( measured in various ways ) and intelligence as measured by IQ tests, although it is a weak correlation at about 0. 2.

Today, brain volume as measured with MRI scanners also find a correlation between cranium size and intelligence at about 0. 4.

It is what seems to be the posterior part of a hominid cranium, measuring about 10 to 7 cm.

It has been described by Tyler ( 1996 ), who found that the occipital angle of the whole cranium must have been at about 120 °, which, according to him, would be out of the known range of Homo erectus, the latter having a much more angled occiput.

The first fossil identified as being of this genus was found in the cliffs of Studd Hill near Herne Bay, Kent, and described by the paleontologist Richard Owen in a paper read to the Geological Society of London on 18 December 1839 as a " small mutilated cranium about the size of that of a hare ".

A khamsin is described as being a jewel-bright desert lizard which stands erect like a man – about as tall as a man ’ s arm is long – with an inordinately large cranium with scales that reflected firelight in bands of shining colors, those colors primarily being topaz and ruby, but including other colors of notation.

africanus, on the other hand, had a cranium which quite closely resembled that of a chimp, yet both their brains measure about 400 cc to 500 cc and probably had an ape-like intelligence.

Through years of postmortem examinations and anthropometric studies of criminals, the insane, and normal individuals, Lombroso became convinced that the " born criminal " ( reo nato, a term given by Ferri ) could be anatomically identified by such items as a sloping forehead, ears of unusual size, asymmetry of the face, prognathism, excessive length of arms, asymmetry of the cranium, and other " physical stigmata.

* a normal cephalic index ( maximum cranium width / maximum cranium length ) however, there is bitemporal shortening and biparietal broadening

In 1923, Franz Weidenreich examined the remains and correctly reported that they consisted of a modern human cranium and an orangutan jaw with filed-down teeth.

The Peştera Muierilor find is that of a single, fairly complete cranium of a woman with rugged facial traits and otherwise modern skull features was found in a lower gallery of the " Women's cave " in Romania, among numerous cave bear remains.

The cranium was well compressed, the rostrum telescoped outward ( a characteristic of the modern suborder Odontoceti ), giving Squalodon an appearance similar to that of modern toothed whales.

The consensus among paleoanthropologists today is that the cranium belongs to an archaic hominid distinguished from Homo erectus, and from both the classic Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans ( Day 1986: 95 ; Stringer, Howell, and Melenitis 1979 ).

The lyrics also bear some similarities to Bowie's earlier song " All the Madmen ", from The Man Who Sold the World (" They'll split your pretty cranium and fill it full of air ").

Existing fossils – a relatively small cranium nicknamed Toumaï (" hope of life " in the local Dazaga language of Chad in central Africa ), five pieces of jaw and some teeth make up a head that has a mixture of derived and primitive features.

Nine areas of the head and neck have these pain-sensitive structures, which are the cranium ( the periosteum of the skull ), muscles, nerves, arteries and veins, subcutaneous tissues, eyes, ears, sinuses and mucous membranes.

Macrocephaly ( from the ancient Greek μακρό-macro-long-+ κέφαλος kephalos-head ), occurs when the head is abnormally large ; this includes the scalp, the cranial bone, and the contents of the cranium.

The cranium is short, low, and flattened on the top ( in contrast to more advanced proboscids, which have a higher and more domed forehead ; the implication may be that deinotheres were less intelligent than other proboscids ), with very large, elevated occipital condyles.

Several early authors believed the frilled shark to be a living representative of otherwise long-extinct groups of elasmobranchs ( sharks, rays, and their ancestors ), based on its multi-pointed teeth, the articulation of its upper jaw directly to the cranium behind the eyes ( called " amphistyly "), and its " notochord-like " spinal column with indistinct vertebrae.

* A complete cranium ( skull 5 ), nicknamed Miguelón, and fragments of other crania, such as skull 4, nicknamed Agamenón and skull 6, nicknamed Rui ( from El Cid, a local hero ).

* 1. 9 million years ago ( Homo habilis had a large Broca's area able to be seen in the cranium of KNM ER 1813 ), possible signs of the earliest ability for speech.

A number of " gags " designed by Bloody Stupid Johnson, including a custard pie-throwing machine and a giant daisy-shaped water cannon, were originally placed by the door also ; however, due to a series of fatalities, they are no longer in use and are now in the Guild Museum alongside the original Dog With No Nose ( it's shaggy ), and the cranium of one of the Three Men Who Went Into A Pub.

* In the computer RPG Planescape: Torment ( 1999 ), the protagonist encounters monsters called cranium rats, which grow more intelligent in larger groups.

Cranioscopy is a term created by Franz Joseph Gall ( 1758 – 1828 ), a German neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain, to name his technique to infer localization of function in the brain on the basis of the external anatomy of the skull or cranium.

LB1 is a fairly complete skeleton, including a nearly complete cranium ( skull ), determined to be that of a 30-year-old female.

Afar is well known as one of the cradles of hominids, containing the Middle Awash, site of many fossil hominid discoveries such as Ardi, ( Ardipithecus ramidus ); the Gona ( Gawis cranium ), site of the world's oldest stone tools ; and Hadar, site of Lucy, the fossilized specimen of Australopithecus afarensis.

* A complete cranium ( Skull 5 ), nicknamed Miguelón, and fragments of other craniums, as Skull 4, nicknamed Agamenón and skull 6, nicknamed Rui ( from El Cid, a local hero ).

Controversy surrounds the interpretation of this cranium, and it has been variously classified as Homo erectus, as a classic Neanderthal ( Homo sapiens neanderthalensis ), and as an early representative of Homo sapiens in a generalized sense ( Day 1986: 91-95 ).

* External densities of the cranium of Stegoceras validum, in dorsal ( A ), ventral ( B ), lateral ( C, D ), anterior ( E ) and posterior ( F ) views.