The notion of abstract data types is related to the concept of data abstraction, important in object-oriented programming and design by contract methodologies for software development.

With the older Athlon CPUs, the CPU caching was of an inclusive design where data from the L1 is duplicated in the L2 cache.

The science of biostatistics encompasses the design of biological experiments, especially in medicine and agriculture ; the collection, summarization, and analysis of data from those experiments ; and the interpretation of, and inference from, the results.

Development of this type of database involved not only design issues but the development of complex interfaces whereby researchers could access existing data as well as submit new or revised data.

Block ciphers are important elementary components in the design of many cryptographic protocols, and are widely used to implement encryption of bulk data.

In setting the clock period to a value well above the worst-case propagation delay, it is possible to design the entire CPU and the way it moves data around the " edges " of the rising and falling clock signal.

Peddle packaged his single-board computer design in a metal case, along with a full-travel QWERTY keyboard, monochrome monitor, and tape recorder for program and data storage, to produce the Commodore PET ( Personal Electronic Transactor ).

The main remaining area of active hardware design and research for scientific computing is for high-speed data transmission systems to connect mass market CPUs.

Before the RISC philosophy became prominent, many computer architects tried to bridge the so called semantic gap, i. e. to design instruction sets that directly supported high-level programming constructs such as procedure calls, loop control, and complex addressing modes, allowing data structure and array accesses to be combined into single instructions.

They are the most common coordinate system used in computer graphics, computer-aided geometric design, and other geometry-related data processing.

Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier design by Horst Feistel, the algorithm was submitted to the National Bureau of Standards ( NBS ) following the agency's invitation to propose a candidate for the protection of sensitive, unclassified electronic government data.

Ralph Kimball, a well-known author on data warehousing, is a proponent of an approach to data warehouse design which he describes as bottom-up.

Inmon is one of the leading proponents of the top-down approach to data warehouse design, in which the data warehouse is designed using a normalized enterprise data model.

The top-down design methodology generates highly consistent dimensional views of data across data marts since all data marts are loaded from the centralized repository.

The database design defines the needed data and data structures that such a database comprises.

The appropriate compression ratio depends on the design of the cylinder head.

This is reflected in the design of the ATRAC codecs, which tend to emphasize processing smaller numbers of samples at a time to save memory at the cost of compression efficiency and additional multiplies.

The Servodrive design increases output power, reduces harmonic distortion and virtually eliminates the loss of loudspeaker output that results from an increase in voice coil impedance due to overheating of the voice coil ( called power compression.

There is a complex balance between the video quality, the quantity of the data needed to represent it ( also known as the bit rate ), the complexity of the encoding and decoding algorithms, robustness to data losses and errors, ease of editing, random access, the state of the art of compression algorithm design, end-to-end delay, and a number of other factors.

Because of the design of analog video signals, which represent luma and color information separately, a common first step in image compression in codec design is to represent and store the image in a YCbCr color space.

The first commercial two-stroke engine involving in-cylinder compression is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk, who in 1881 patented his design, his engine having a separate charging cylinder.

As Sony engineers became more actively involved in the project, the design of the SDDS format evolved toward a more robust implementation, including the use of 5: 1 ATRAC data compression, extensive error detection and correction, and most critically redundancy.

Greater freedom of combustion chamber design ( few constraints other than the spark plug positioning ) means that fuel / air mixture swirl at TDC can also be more controlled allowing improved ignition and flame travel which as demonstrated by Ricardo, at least one extra unit of compression ratio before detonation compared with the poppet valve engine.

The typical flattening of the decay directly after the attack is because of the audio design of the oscillator and appears like a compression.

Petrol engines run at higher speeds than diesels, partially due to their lighter pistons, connecting rods and crankshaft ( a design efficiency made possible by lower compression ratios ) and due to petrol burning faster than diesel.

The high compression engine, which ignites its fuel by the heat of compression is now called the Diesel engine whether a four-stroke or two-stroke design.

A very inefficient implosion design is one that simply reshapes an ovoid into a sphere, with minimal compression.

A WaveRider is a hypersonic aircraft design that improves its supersonic lift-to-drag ratio by using the shock waves being generated by its own flight as a lifting surface, a phenomenon known as compression lift.

The expansion to a wider range of compression surface flows allowed the design of waveriders with control of volume, upper surface shape, engine integration and centre of pressure position.

Because pressure and temperature are strongly linked, knock can also be attenuated by controlling peak combustion chamber temperatures by compression ratio reduction, exhaust gas recirculation, appropriate calibration of the engine's ignition timing schedule, and careful design of the engine's combustion chambers and cooling system as well as controlling the initial air intake temperature.

The design of the cylinder head is key to the performance and efficiency of the internal combustion engine, as the shape of the combustion chamber, inlet passages and ports ( and to a lesser extent the exhaust ) determines a major portion of the volumetric efficiency and compression ratio of the engine.

The benefits of this design include more flow per revolution and only one compression and expansion per cycle.

JPEG 2000 has some design commonalities with the ICER image compression format that is used to send images back from the Mars rovers.

Design refinements introduced in later standardization efforts have resulted in significant improvements in compression capability relative to the H. 261 design.

The power output of is similar to previous FPV turbos, but it is a substantially modified design: the new induction system which includes a bigger and more efficient intercooler, higher compression ratio, extra boost and strengthened internals are the key changes.

Industrial design firm Raymond Loewy / William Snaith recommended emphasizing habitability and comfort for the astronauts by, for example, providing a wardroom for meals and relaxation, and a window to view the Earth and space, although astronauts who participated in Skylab planning were dubious about the designers ' focus on areas such as color schemes.

Apparently starting in embroidery, it then appears in garden design before being used in Northern Mannerist painted decorative schemes " with a central medallion combined with acanthus and other forms " by Simon Vouet and then Charles Lebrun who used " scrolls of flat bandwork joined by horizontal bars and contrasting with ancanthus scrolls and palmette.

High-speed network design, interference suppression and modulation, design and analysis of fault-tolerant system, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this specialty.

The design featured simplifications to the memory management and process scheduling schemes of the earlier proposals and the architecture was accepted.

Furthermore, power system protection schemes were often designed with only a local power system's design in mind, meaning that they might misoperate in response to protection schemes activating in neighboring systems.

Smart card design is an active field, and there are smart card schemes which are intended to avoid these particular problems, though so far with little security proofs.

In 1997, the HUD Inspector General had issued a report saying: " The program design encourages risky property deals, land sale and refinance schemes, overstated property appraisals, and phony or excessive fees.

* Urban design, town and city squares, waterfronts, pedestrian schemes, and parking lots

Landscape architects are employed in design of: green infrastructure, public realm, institutional / medical / industrial campuses and settings, parks, play facilities, transport ( road / rail / cycle / port ) corridors, retail complexes, residential estates ( including plans for remediation of now-abandoned housing ' ghost ' estates ), village improvements, accessibility audits, graveyard restoration schemes, wind farms, wetland drainage systems and coastal zones.

However it is more common in aftermarket that visual aesthetics take on a more significant role in design than other types of sub drivers, including high contrast paint schemes, grill covers, translucent or refractive materials.

The schemes can be considered to be examples of a primary key of a database management system table, whose table definitions require a database design.

In the late 19th century, Margaret Chaloner, the wife of the first Lord Gisborough, began laying out new formal gardens of a typical late Victorian and Edwardian design with elaborate bedding schemes and gravelled paths.

In the reinsurance fields, actuarial science can be used to design and price reinsurance and retro-reinsurance schemes, and to establish reserve funds for known claims and future claims and catastrophes.

Sky luminance distribution models have been recommended by the International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) for the design of daylighting schemes.

One prominent application of it is the design of optimal schemes of managerial compensation.

This scheme was originally planned to proceed as a High Quality Dual Carriageway ( HQDC ), which would have seen it built to many of the same engineering standard as a motorway, with a design speed of 120 km / h, however a Statutory Instrument was passed on 17 July 2008, re-designating this and many other new HQDC schemes as motorway.

Central Saint Martins establishes links between artistic practice, leading to research projects and employs graduates onto national and international design consultancy schemes through its Innovation Centre and Design Laboratory.

Flat memory model or linear memory model refers to a memory addressing paradigm in low-level software design such that the CPU can directly ( and sequentially / linearly ) address all of the available memory locations without having to resort to any sort of memory segmentation or paging schemes.

Designers wishing to give their suite of products a unique but consistent look and feel define a design language for it, which can describe choices for design aspects such as materials, colour schemes, shapes, patterns, textures, or layouts.

Their first major commission was a winning design for the Victoria Law Courts in Birmingham ( 1886 ), the first of numerous public building schemes the pair designed over the next 23 years.

Between 1867 and 1946, supporters proposed various schemes before the site and design of the current dam received approval.