Western alchemy is recognized as a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine.

A significant contribution to the chemistry of alkaloids in the early years of its development was made by the French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou, who discovered quinine ( 1820 ) and strychnine ( 1818 ).

During this period significant analytical contributions to chemistry include the development of systematic elemental analysis by Justus von Liebig and systematized organic analysis based on the specific reactions of functional groups.

Also, analytical chemistry has been an indispensable area in the development of nanotechnology.

The Arrhenius definition of acid – base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for " recognition of the extraordinary services ... rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation ".

The contribution of Indian alchemists and metallurgists in the development of chemistry was also quite significant.

Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry.

Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use.

Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems.

The books that were influential in the early development of computational quantum chemistry include Linus Pauling and E. Bright Wilson's 1935 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics – with Applications to Chemistry, Eyring, Walter and Kimball's 1944 Quantum Chemistry, Heitler's 1945 Elementary Wave Mechanics – with Applications to Quantum Chemistry, and later Coulson's 1952 textbook Valence, each of which served as primary references for chemists in the decades to follow.

Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems.

Thus the foundation was laid of the doctrine of compound radicals, a doctrine which had a profound influence on the development of chemistry.

He pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function.

He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70.

With the development of fast digital computers, approximate solutions for more complicated molecules became possible and are one of the main aspects of computational chemistry.

One can think of soft nanotechnology as the development of nanomachines that uses the lessons learned from biology on how things work, chemistry to precisely engineer such devices and stochastic physics to model the system and its natural processes in detail.

With the development of quantum chemistry in the 20th century, however, a vast number of previously inexplicable dimensionless physical constants were successfully computed from theory.

Another important step was the development of quantum mechanics into quantum chemistry from the 1930s, where Linus Pauling was one of the leading names.

Further development in physical chemistry may be attributed to discoveries in nuclear chemistry, especially in isotope separation ( before and during World War II ), more recent discoveries in astrochemistry, as well as the development of calculation algorithms in field of " additive physicochemical properties " ( practically all of physicochemical properties, as: boiling point, critical point, surface tension, vapor pressure etc.

This has resulted in the development of the registered variety Tussilago farfara Wein which has no detectable levels of these alkaloids.

And here again we hear the same refrain mentioned above: `` the paramount goal of the United States set long ago was to guard the rights of the individual, ensure his development, enlarge his opportunity ''.

Henrietta was discovering in the process of writing, as the born writer does, not merely a channel for the discharge of accumulated information but a stimulus to the development of the creative powers of observation, insight and intuition.

It was this fear which explained the development of a priestly caste whose function in society was to mollify and appease the angry deities.

the mere fact that he was selected, though as a substitute, to act as interlocutor or moderator for it, or perhaps we should say with Buck as ' father of the act ', is in itself a difficult phase of his development to grasp.

In 1957 the social-economic approach to European integration was capped by the formation among `` the Six '' of a tariff-free European Common Market, and Euratom for cooperation in the development of atomic energy.

The bank which held the mortgage on the old church declared that the interest was considerably in arrears, and the real estate people said flatly that the land across the river was being held for an eventual development for white working people who were coming in, and that none would be sold to colored folk.

In such a case, however, we would encourage the recipient country to get on with its programing task, supply it with substantial technical assistance in performing that task, and make it plain that an expansion or even a continuation of our assistance to the country's development was conditional upon programing progress being made.

Local industry's investment in Rhode Island was the big story in 1960's industrial development effort.

Another recent achievement was the successful development of a method for the complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter of a metal in fluorine when the product is relatively non-volatile.

Thus, in the last few years, a number of programs which looked very promising at the time their development was commenced have since been completely eliminated.

That development, in turn, formed the foundation of still more significant expansions in later years -- in gear cutting, in circular graduating, in index drilling, and in many other fields where accuracy was a paramount requirement.

Perhaps the outstanding standard bearer of Mr. Brown's tradition for accuracy was Mr. Oscar J. Beale, whose mechanical genius closely paralleled that of Mr. Brown, and whose particular forte was the development of the exceedingly accurate measuring machinery that enabled Brown & Sharpe to manufacture gages, and therefore its products, with an accuracy exceeding anything then available elsewhere in the world.

This increase was sufficient to overcome the effect on net income of higher costs of manufacture and increased expenditures on research and development.

The second really new development this year was a revolver handling a different sort of varmint load -- the

The earlier New Haven development was public housing, so it easily leaped over the problems met in a private venture.

A member of the IRSAC staff ( E. Van De Walle ) was recently delegated to cooperate with AIMO in the development of demographic statistics in this territory.

But the eagerly sought `` homogeneity '' of the Balafrej Council of Government was never achieved as the Istiqlal quarreled over foreign policy, labor politics and economic development.

With the development of the Red Bridge Subdivision south of Kansas City, Missouri, the developer was faced with the problem of providing adequate sewage disposal.

For the initial development an oxidation pond was constructed as shown in Figure 1.

It was proposed that aerated lagoons be used to eliminate the problem at the existing oxidation ponds and to provide the necessary treatment for the additional development.

In vinyl foam, the big news was the development of techniques for coating fabrics with the material ( for details, see P. 395 ).

Quiet and energetic, cheerful and calm, she too was a power in the development of the seminary.