One useful application of SWNTs is in the development of the first intermolecular field-effect transistors ( FET ).

In the first case, Agin discussed falsified results in the development of organic transistors: ' As far as understanding junk science is concerned, the important aspect is that both Bell Laboratories and the international physics community were fooled until someone noticed that noise records published by Jan Hendrik Schön in several papers were identical-which means physically impossible.

Prior to the development of transistors, vacuum ( electron ) tubes ( or in the UK " thermionic valves " or just " valves ") were the main active components in electronic equipment.

From here the idea of integrating all components on a single silicon wafer came into existence and which led to development in small-scale integration ( SSI ) in the early 1960s, medium-scale integration ( MSI ) in the late 1960s, and large-scale integration ( LSI ) and VLSI in the 1970s and 1980s with tens of thousands of transistors on a single chip ( later hundreds of thousands, then millions, and now billions )

* In February 2012, a research team at the University of New South Wales announced the development of the first working transistor consisting of a single atom placed precisely in a silicon crystal ( not just picked from a large sample of random transistors ).

This was a very early time frame in the development of transistor technology, and was the first documented use of transistors in the U. S. Earth satellite program.

The study of semiconductors and the development of transistors and diodes led to the acceptance of electron tunnelling in solids by 1957.

* Although the story is set in the mid-21st century, Asimov did not anticipate the development of transistors ; the chronoscope apparently uses vacuum tube technology since it needs a short time to warm up.

His work has been applied to development of polymer field effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic diodes, optically pumped lasing and directly printed polymer transistors.

Mitchell oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors.

These chatty merchants made amusing and instructive traveling companions, for their business took them to all four corners of the globe, and Florentine gossip had already reached a high stage of development as even a cursory glance at the Inferno will prove.

Many such loans have been made to establish small concerns or to aid in their growth, thereby contributing substantially to community development programs.

In such a case, however, we would encourage the recipient country to get on with its programing task, supply it with substantial technical assistance in performing that task, and make it plain that an expansion or even a continuation of our assistance to the country's development was conditional upon programing progress being made.

Once we have made clear that we are genuinely concerned with a country's development potential, we can be blunt in suggesting the technical conditions that must be met for development to occur.

Thus, as a development program is being launched, commitments and obligations must be entered into in a given year which may exceed by twofold or threefold the expenditures to be made in that year.

cause on-site inspections to be made of promising projects, domestic and foreign, and, in the case of projects located in the United States, cooperate and participate in their development in instances in which the purposes of this Act will be served thereby ; ;

and ( C ) to finance, for not more than three years beyond the end of said period, such activities as are required to correlate, coordinate, and round out the results of studies and research undertaken pursuant to this Act: Provided, That funds available in any one year for research and development may, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State to assure that such activities are consistent with the foreign policy objectives of the United States, be expended in cooperation with public or private agencies in foreign countries in the development of processes useful to the program in the United States: And provided further, That every such contract or agreement made with any public or private agency in a foreign country shall contain provisions effective to insure that the results or information developed in connection therewith shall be available without cost to the United States for the use of the United States throughout the world and for the use of the general public within the United States.

Such loans under Section 104 ( E ) of the Act will be made to United States business firms and branches, subsidiaries, or affiliates of such firms in India for business development and trade expansion in India and to United States firms and to Indian firms for the establishment of facilities for aiding in the utilization, distribution, or otherwise increasing the consumption of and markets for United States agricultural products.

The Government of India further agrees in cooperation with the Government of the United States, to coordinate the use of grant and loan funds provided for in paragraphs 1 ( B ) and 1 ( C ) of Article 2, with such direct dollar assistance as may be made available by the Government of the United States of America, so that both sources of financing may be channeled to specific and clearly identifiable economic development programs and projects.

Our Patterson Moos Research Division has made further very encouraging progress in development of fuel cells.

Companies of all types have made great advances in production capabilities and efficiencies -- in modern equipment and new processes, enlarged R & D facilities, faster new product development.

The continuation and expansion of the shooting development program will assure to some degree that national and community leaders will be made aware of the ever-growing need for shooting facilities and activities for hunting and shooting in answer to public demand.

Recently Industrial Electric unveiled another new development made possible by modern plastic materials -- a revolving spectacular sign.

There are two ways of getting at a poet's development: through his dated poems, and through the revisions which he made in later editions of his work.

Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century and made a number of other contributions to the development of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer of natural selection.

This development effort was made partly to allow IBM to compete with Amdahl UTS.

During development, engineers had made the decision to use the Zilog 8530 serial controller chip ( SCC ) instead of the lower cost and more common UART to provide serial port connections.

This change was pushed forward by the development of heavier naval guns ( the ironclads of the 1880s carried some of the heaviest guns ever mounted at sea ), more sophisticated steam engines, and advances in metallurgy which made steel shipbuilding possible.

A significant contribution to the chemistry of alkaloids in the early years of its development was made by the French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou, who discovered quinine ( 1820 ) and strychnine ( 1818 ).

A paddle controller and an updated self-centering version of the original controller were also in development, but never made it to market.

The backward nature of expectation formulation and the resultant systematic errors made by agents ( see Cobweb model ) was unsatisfactory to economists such as John Muth, who was pivotal in the development of an alternative model of how expectations are formed, called rational expectations.

Cuckoo clocks are a popular example ; they have been made in the region since the early eighteenth century and much of their development occurred there.

The decreases, which are largely in construction and in aircraft procurement, are offset in part by increases for research and development and for procurement of other military equipment such as tanks, vehicles, guns, and electronic devices.

This technology was to provide a stepping stone to the development of electronic calculators.

Through the 1970s the hand-held electronic calculator underwent rapid development.

The MOSFET, which largely superseded the JFET and had a more profound effect on electronic development, was first proposed by Dawon Kahng in 1960.

There was increased reliance on the electronic computer and data processor ; the most exciting development was the increase in human intellect by direct electronic storage of information in the brain — the coupling of the brain to an external computer, thereby gaining direct access to an information library.

The 21st century also saw the development of " electrogrind " ( or " cybergrind "), practiced by The Berzerker, Body Hammer, Gigantic Brain and Genghis Tron which borrows from electronic music.

Hypertext writing has developed its own style of fiction, coinciding with the growth and proliferation of hypertext development software and the emergence of electronic networks.

Storyspace 2. 0, a professional level hypertext development tool, is available from Eastgate Systems, which has also published many notable works of electronic literature, including Michael Joyce's afternoon, a story, Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl, Stuart Moulthrop's Victory Garden, and Judy Malloy's its name was Penelope, Forward Anywhere.

The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s.

* Hardware systems: cognitive function repair via an electronic hippocampus bypass, Xray microscopy chip inspection and wireless technologies development.

The Intellivision was developed by Mattel Electronics, a subsidiary of Mattel formed expressly for the development of electronic games.

Liquid crystal materials became a topic of research into the development of flat panel electronic displays beginning in 1962 at RCA Laboratories.

In the web development field, three-tier is often used to refer to websites, commonly electronic commerce websites, which are built using three tiers:

The advent of powerful and inexpensive electronic and computer technologies has allowed the development of fully automated experiments studying possible interactions between mind and matter.

) The same result with respect to communications by private parties occurred over the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st due to declining cost of long distance telephone communications and the development and explosive spread of electronic mailing (" e-mail " via the Internet ) and bill paying systems had.

Quake III Arenas multiplayer-focused development led to it developing a large community of competitive players and like its predecessors it was used extensively in professional electronic sports tournaments.

The Roland TB-303 Bass Line is a bass synthesizer with built-in sequencer manufactured by the Roland corporation from 1982 to 1984 that had a defining role in the development of contemporary electronic dance music.

Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia.

It had a defining role in the development of contemporary electronic music, particularly in acid house.

Key invention in the development of electronic spreadsheets was made by Rene K. Pardo and Remy Landau, who filed in 1971 on spreadsheet automatic natural order recalculation algorithm in 1970.

In its early stages of development, television employed a combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image.

All modern television systems relied on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the work on electromechanical systems was crucial in the development of fully electronic television.