Radiation, therefore, is at an initial cost disadvantage even though only 1 to 10 per cent as much radiation energy as heat energy is required for radiopasteurization or radiosterilization.

The primary disadvantage of analog signaling is that any system has noise – i. e., random unwanted variation.

The disadvantage of using deadweight anchors in conditions where a mushroom anchor could be used is that it needs to be around ten times the weight of the equivalent mushroom anchor.

The disadvantage of computer anagram solvers, especially when applied to multi-word anagrams, is their poor understanding of the meaning of the words they are manipulating.

The disadvantage to this system is that while the SAA5050 would expect to be repeatedly fed the same 40 bytes of data for every display scanline of each character row, the ULA would read a different set of 40 bytes for every display scanline in order to produce a full graphics display.

A disadvantage of most adhesives is that most do not form an instantaneous joint, unlike many other joining processes, because the adhesive needs time to cure.

The advantage of this technique is that only a medium-resolution monochromator is necessary for measuring AAS ; however, it has the disadvantage that usually a separate lamp is required for each element that has to be determined.

The advantage of this technique is that total and background absorption are measured with the same emission profile of the same lamp, so that any kind of background, including background with fine structure can be corrected accurately, unless the molecule responsible for the background is also affected by the magnetic field ; the disadvantage is the increased complexity of the spectrometer.

The main disadvantage of abstraction is that highly abstract concepts are more difficult to learn, and require a degree of mathematical maturity and experience before they can be assimilated.

Their main disadvantage is the distortion of the flow itself by the structure supporting the transducers, which requires a correction based upon wind tunnel measurements to minimize the effect.

Another disadvantage is lower accuracy due to precipitation, where rain drops may vary the speed of sound.

A big disadvantage of complex biological sewage treatment systems is that if the house is empty, the sewage system biota may starve to death.

Another hypothesis is that some Mexican tetra randomly don't develop eyes ( which is represented by broken genes in the fish's genome ), and this lack of eyes spreads to the rest of the population despite having no advantage or disadvantage.

If the first theory is correct ( see above ), then the absence of cavalry removed the main Athenian tactical disadvantage, and the threat of being outflanked made it imperative to attack.

While it is possible through skillful play to minimize the house advantage, it is extremely rare that a player has sufficient skill to completely eliminate his inherent long-term disadvantage ( the house edge ( HE ) or house vigorish ) in a casino game.

The player's disadvantage is a result of the casino not paying winning wagers according to the game's " true odds ", which are the payouts that would be expected considering the odds of a wager either winning or losing.

The disadvantage is that working out when a particular date would occur is difficult.

As a result all fighter and bomber development was oriented toward short range aircraft, as they could be produced in greater numbers, rather than quality long range aircraft, something that put the Luftwaffe at a disadvantage as early as the Battle of Britain.

The disadvantage is the greater operational cost associated with the quality of service guarantees afforded by reserving bandwidth and keeping it protected from competing uses.

It was largely by this method ( mixed-race Bermudians being added to the number of Blacks, rather than added to the number of Whites or being defined as a separate demographic group ) that Coloured ( subsequently redefined in the twentieth century as Black ) Bermudians came to outnumber White Bermudians by the end of the 19th century, despite starting off at a numerical disadvantage, and despite low Black immigration prior to the latter 19th century ( other contributing factors included the scale of White relative to Black emigration in the 17th and 18th centuries, the greater mortality of Whites from disease in the late 17th century, and large-scale West Indian immigration, which began, like Portuguese immigration, in the 19th century to provide labourers for the new export agriculture industry and expansion of the Royal Naval Dockyard.

A disadvantage is that the diameter of the mesh network is greater than the hypercube for systems with more than four processors.

First, it assumes that the disadvantage of forfeiting one's turn is greater than the disadvantage of performing a shallower search.

The Dutch were under an even greater disadvantage than the above numbers show, as Dutch warships were on the average smaller than both their English and French opponents.

A disadvantage of these vessels is that greater breadths are more expensive, so that for example the most economic shape of a, pressure vessel might be a breadth of and a width of including the 2: 1 semi-elliptical domed end caps.

There is also the disadvantage that because fewer fingers are used, they are forced to move a much greater distance.

A disadvantage compared to the single-elimination format is that a considerably greater number of matches have to be conducted: since each player has to lose twice and since the tournament ends when only one player remains, in tournament for competitors there will be ( or in case the winner was undefeated during the tournament ) games ; a possible alternative is a single-elimination format where each match is a best-of-5 or best-of-7 series.

The loss at Newbury was due to a multitude of factors ; Day gives credit to the greater ability of Essex to conserve his force through the campaign, which put the Royalists at a numerical disadvantage by Newbury, and notes the Royalist overreliance on Cavalry, with Essex " for his much lamented paucity of cavalry by tactical ingenuity and firepower ", countering Rupert's cavalry by driving them off with mass infantry formations.

Prizes range from immunity-which is exemption from elimination-to exercise equipment, phone calls home or weight prizes, which allow winners of a challenge to have a greater weight loss at the Weigh-In, or losers of a challenge to have a lower weight loss at the Weigh-In ( e. g. a 6 lb weight loss would result in a 7 lb weight loss if a contestant were to win a " 1 pound advantage " whereas it would result in a 5 lb weight loss if a contestant were to win a " 1 pound disadvantage ").

He railed against a federal regulation that would prohibit strip mining on slopes of greater than 20 degrees, which would have effectively ended that method of mining in the Eastern Mountain Coal Fields, and lamented the economic disadvantage imposed on Kentucky coal miners by the state's coal severance tax.

Like other decile 10 schools Rangitoto performs better than schools from areas of greater socio-economic disadvantage.

Maybe the Russians really intend to stand and fight the Germans between the western border and the Dnieper, a move which would be desirable ... Even the Imperial Army was no match for the German command, and the Russian commanders today are at an even greater disadvantage.

If the backward pawn is on a half-open file, as in this case, the disadvantage is even greater, as the pawn can be attacked more easily by an opponent's rook or queen on the c-file.

With the advantage of the first move, White has greater latitude to play moves that are not objectively the strongest without incurring disadvantage.

Some argue that the significantly greater binding capacity of agarose beads may be a disadvantage because of the larger capacity of non-specific binding.

Others may argue for the use of magnetic beads because of the greater quantity of antibody required to saturate the total binding capacity of agarose beads, which would obviously be an economical disadvantage of using agarose.

This put Cellcom at a disadvantage since though most of its users had converted to GSM, they were not able to make use of the lower frequency's better in-building penetration and greater cell reach.

* The somewhat apologetic suggestion is that, faced with the imperative to act, then not to be an opportunist would be to disadvantage oneself ; and that the greater harm is caused by not doing what is to one's own advantage.

Because standardized Kt / V incorporates residual renal function into the calculations, it makes the assumption that kidney function should scale by V. This may disadvantage women and smaller patients of either sex, in whom V is decreased to a greater extent than S.

It is also necessary to take into account the race distance because stamina comes with maturity, and younger horses are at a greater disadvantage the further they have to run.

The disadvantage of this is the long, heavy pull that cocks the hammer makes the double action revolver much harder to shoot accurately than a single-action revolver ( although cocking the hammer of a double action reduces the length and weight of the trigger pull ).

Mainsail furling has an additional disadvantage in that its complicated gear may somewhat increase weight aloft.

The biggest disadvantage to a post and lintel construction is the limited weight that can be held up, and the small distances required between the posts.

Until the advent of light weight modern sailcloth and modern sail handling systems, the larger sails of a sloop were somewhat of a disadvantage.

A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength.

Moose are at a special disadvantage in muskeg due to their long legs, minimal hoof area, and great weight.

* The first disadvantage was the weapon's weight, which impairs the soldier's mobility.

The need to manoeuvre in battle made the top weight of the castles more of a disadvantage.

The weight of the weapon gave power to strikes and cuts, even though the weight of the weapon is usually thought of as a disadvantage.

John Milius, a noted film director and screenwriter, as well as a Gracie student, agreed to be the ewith a height and weight disadvantage.

Although this assisted with traction, it made the car heavier ; the added weight put the GT-R at a disadvantage to other cars in the 4000 cc class.

If a soldier is carrying only a few projectiles, the projectile weight disadvantage is not significant.

However, Yamaha received much criticism for its weight disadvantage when compared to similar two-strokes, despite its fuel economy and low-range torque.

The vehicle was reported to have been very unstable due to poor weight distribution-which would have been a serious disadvantage seeing that it was intended that the fardier should be able to traverse rough terrain and climb steep hills.

Its disadvantage is that the size and weight of the cable are increased.

Such products are used to enhance the cooling of underperforming or undersized cooling systems or in racing where the weight of a larger cooling system could be a disadvantage.

It allows the use of equal-length half shafts and the easy addition of all-wheel drive, but has the disadvantage that it makes it difficult to achieve 50 / 50 weight distribution ( although they remedy this in four-wheel-drive models by mounting the gearbox at the rear of the transaxle.

The disadvantage to a rear weight bias is that the car can become unstable and tend to oversteer when decelerating ( whether braking or lifting off the throttle ).

The relative simplicity and light weight compared to 4WD can therefore sometimes outweigh the disadvantage of only having two driven wheels.

For liquid-cooled vehicles, however, this layout presents a disadvantage, since it requires either increased coolant piping from a front-mounted radiator ( meaning more weight and complexity ), or relocating the radiator ( s ) to the sides or rear, and adding air ducting to compensate for the lower airflow at the rear of the car.

In comparison, a vehicle with the engine over the driven wheels eliminates the need for the drive shaft ( replacing this with the transaxle of lighter combined weight ), but has the disadvantage of concentrating all the weight in one location.