While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of the Big Bang and those of alternative cosmological models, most scientists became convinced that some version of the Big Bang scenario best fit observations after the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964, and especially when its spectrum ( i. e., the amount of radiation measured at each wavelength ) was found to match that of thermal radiation from a black body.

*( 50000 ) Quaoar and ( 20000 ) Varuna, each considered the largest TNO at the time of discovery

The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately defined.

Given is each element's name, atomic number, year of first report, name of the discoverer, and some notes related to the discovery.

* The Planets: A discourse on the discovery, science, history and mythology, of the planets in our solar system, with one chapter devoted to each of the celestial spheres.

Lenin was developing the work of Friedrich Engels, who said that " with each epoch-making discovery, even in the sphere of natural science, materialism has to change its form.

Because of the specialized and rare circumstances required for a biological structure to fossilize, only a very small percentage of all life-forms that have ever existed can be expected to be represented in discoveries, and each discovery represents only a snapshot of the process of evolution.

The dispute on the priority of the discovery occurred shortly after, with Urbain and von Welsbach accusing each other of publishing results influenced by the published research of the other ; the naming honor went to Urbain as he published his results earlier.

With the discovery of the neutron, scientists at last could calculate what fraction of binding energy each nucleus had, from comparing the nuclear mass with that of the protons and neutrons which composed it.

The history of quantum chemistry essentially began with the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday, the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy radiating atomic system can theoretically be divided into a number of discrete energy elements ε such that each of these energy elements is proportional to the frequency ν with which they each individually radiate energy and a numerical value called Planck ’ s Constant.

The TWG responded by saying that this was not the case and having assessed each point raised by the American group said that they found no reason to alter their conclusion regarding priority of discovery.

At about the same time as this important discovery, he observed that when " p-particles ", ejected from radio-active substances, impinge upon zinc sulfide, each impact is accompanied by a minute scintillation, an observation which forms the basis of one of the most useful methods in the technique of radioactivity.

As alum and green vitriol were applied to a variety of substances in common, and as both are distinguished by a sweetish and astringent taste, writers, even after the discovery of alum, do not seem to have discriminated the two salts accurately from each other.

In a translation of an ancient Nabataean text by Kuthami the Babylonian, Ibn Wahshiyya ( c. 9th-10th century AD ), adds information on his own efforts to ascertain the identity of Tammuz, and his discovery of the full details of the legend of Tammuz in another Nabataean book: " How he summoned the king to worship the seven ( planets ) and the twelve ( signs ) and how the king put him to death several times in a cruel manner Tammuz coming to life again after each time, until at last he died ; and behold!

" The city is just east of Auraria ; each claims to be the site of the first discovery of gold.

The early stages of the lawsuit may involve initial disclosures of evidence by each party and discovery, which is the structured exchange of evidence and statements between the parties.

Astronomical photography is one of the earliest types of scientific photography and almost from its inception it diversified into subdisciplines that each have a specific goal including star cartography, astrometry, stellar classification, photometry, spectroscopy, polarimetry, and the discovery of astronomical objects such as asteroids, meteors, comets, variable stars, novae, and even unknown planets.

They also expelled Ganthet and Sayd from their rank, because they have experienced emotions along with being discovered to have a romantic relationship with each other and quoting the forbidden chapter of the Book of Oa which has Abin Sur's discovery of the prophecy The Blackest Night, which they consider to be not permitted.

Baldwin IV was educated by the historian William of Tyre ( later Archbishop of Tyre and Chancellor of the kingdom ), who made a disturbing discovery about the prince: he and his friends were playing one day, attempting to injure each other by driving their fingernails into each other's arms, but Baldwin felt no pain.

The first evidence came with the discovery of tunnels constructed under Venusian surface, each tunnel distinguished by the mysterious cobalt blue metal covering the interior sections.

Harry grudgingly allows the murdered man's daughter into his cab, and she tells him about her father's discovery: the Loc-Nar, an artifact over which people are killing each other.

The Center provides substantive training in each practice area and also offers general instruction on topics such as client interviewing and intake, case management, legal investigation and discovery, creative legal analysis, research and drafting.

That machine was used in the discovery of elements 102-106 ( 102, nobelium ; 103, lawrencium ; 104, rutherfordium ; 105, dubnium and 106, seaborgium ), each produced and identified on the basis of only a few atoms.

The discovery was announced to the Geological Society of London in successive communications.

André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, announced the discovery of a new element in 1899.

* 1774 – British scientist Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen gas, corroborating the prior discovery of this element by German-Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele.

He is credited with the discovery of the element arsenic and experimented with photosensitive chemicals, including silver nitrate.

Similar to the nearly simultaneous discovery of americium ( element 95 ) and curium ( element 96 ) in 1944, the new elements berkelium and californium ( element 98 ) were both produced in 1949 – 1950.

Thus the discovery report by the Berkeley group reads: " It is suggested that element 97 be given the name berkelium ( symbol Bk ) after the city of Berkeley in a manner similar to that used in naming its chemical homologue terbium ( atomic number 65 ) whose name was derived from the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare earth minerals were first found.

The priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists, and it was not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) established Soviet team priority and a compromise name of dubnium as the official name for the element.

Simple Dublin Core comprises 15 elements ; Qualified Dublin Core includes three additional elements ;— Audience, Provenance and RightsHolder ;— as well as a group of element refinements, also called qualifiers, that refine the semantics of the elements in ways that may be useful in resource discovery.

While this may result in some loss of specificity, the remaining element value ( without the qualifier ) should continue to be generally correct and useful for discovery.

Some < sup > 238 </ sup > U atoms, however, could absorb another two neutrons ( for a total of 17 ), resulting in < sup > 255 </ sup > Es, as well as in the < sup > 255 </ sup > Fm isotope of another new element, fermium .< ref >< sup > 254 </ sup > Es, < sup > 254 </ sup > Fm and < sup > 253 </ sup > Fm would not be produced because of lack of beta decay in < sup > 254 </ sup > Cf and < sup > 253 </ sup > Es </ ref > The discovery of the new elements and the associated new data on multiple neutron capture were initially kept secret on the orders of the U. S. military until 1955 due to Cold War tensions and competition with Soviet Union in nuclear technologies.

" Because he realized that " gadolinia " was the oxide of a new element, he is credited with discovery of gadolinium.

* In his short story The Harbor Master, by Robert W. Chambers, the discovery and attempted recovery of the last known pair of Great Auks is central to the plot ( which also involves a proto-Lovecraftian element of suspense ).

The formal discovery of the element was made in 1895 by two Swedish chemists, Per Teodor Cleve and Nils Abraham Langlet, who found helium emanating from the uranium ore cleveite.

In the official discovery of the element in 1984, the team at GSI studied the reaction using the alpha decay genetic correlation method.

Before Moseley's discovery, the atomic numbers ( or elemental number ) of an element had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary sequential number, based on the sequence of atomic masses, but modified somewhat where chemists found this to be desirable, such as by the great Russian chemist, Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev.

Chemical separation of the new formed elements from the uranium yielded material with low half-life, and, therefore, Fermi announced the discovery of a new element in 1934, though this was soon found to be mistaken.

The discovery of element 102 was first announced by physicists at the Nobel Institute in Sweden in 1957.

Later work in 1967 at Berkeley and 1971 at Oak Ridge fully confirmed the discovery of element 102 and clarified earlier observations.

The word was coined by scientist Andreas von Antropoff in 1926 ( before the discovery of the neutron itself ) for the conjectured " element of atomic number zero " that he placed at the head of the periodic table.

In 1938, during a nuclear experiment conducted at Ohio State University, a few radioactive nuclides were produced that certainly were not radioisotopes of neodymium or samarium, but there was a lack of chemical proof that element 61 was produced, and the discovery was not generally recognized.

For a long time chemists searched for eka-tantalum as an element with similar chemical properties as tantalum, making a discovery of protactinium nearly impossible.

The priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists, and it was not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) established rutherfordium as the official name for the element.