In the life sciences, there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of disease, in the mechanisms of heredity, and in bio- and physiological chemistry.

The epithet " Smintheus " has historically been confused with σμίνθος, " mouse ", in association with Apollo's role as a god of disease.

This disease has been occasionally associated with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, septicemia associated with immune complex deposition, methanol poisoning, and other underlying conditions.

A discussion of every disease caused by modification of the various apoptotic pathways would be impractical, but the concept overlying each one is the same: the normal functioning of the pathway has been disrupted in such a way as to impair the ability of the cell to undergo normal apoptosis.

This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative ( CHAI ), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end.

A significant contribution to the northward spread of Bluetongue disease has been the ability of Culicoides obsoletus and C. pulicaris to acquire and transmit the disease, both of which are spread widely throughout Europe.

However, the disease found in northern Europe ( including the UK ) in 2006 and 2007 has been caused by serotype 8.

Since the late 1980s, evidence has become available that instillation of BCG into the bladder is an effective form of immunotherapy in this disease.

The disease has a history of use in biological warfare dating back many centuries, and is considered a threat due to its ease of culture and ability to remain in circulation among local rodents for a long period of time.

Ebola virus disease has fatality rates ranging from 50-90 %.

Infection in a human occurs when a person is bitten by a flea that has been infected by biting a rodent that itself has been infected by the bite of a flea carrying the disease.

The higher-level association of β sheets has been implicated in formation of the protein aggregates and fibrils observed in many human diseases, notably the amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease.

For more than a decade, Yale University neuropathologist Laura Manuelidis has been challenging this explanation for the disease.

The disease has also been shown to result from use of Human Growth Hormone obtained from the pituitary glands of persons who died from Creutzfeldt – Jakob Disease, though the known incidence of this cause is ( as of April 2004 ) quite small.

Cannibalism has also been implicated as a transmission mechanism for abnormal prions, causing the disease known as kuru, once found primarily among women and children of the Fore people in Papua New Guinea.

In the U. S., the FDA has banned import of any donor sperm, motivated by a risk of Creutzfeldt – Jakob disease, inhibiting the once popular import of, for example, Scandinavian sperm.

It derives from a need to treat people whose brain function has been impaired as a result of disease, brain damage, toxins, or drugs.

For example, the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid has faces consisting of three proteins named VP1 – 3.

Chagas disease is contracted primarily in the Americas, particularly in poor, rural areas of Mexico, Central America, and South America ; very rarely, the disease has been found in the Southern United States.

Gross anatomy of a heart that has been damaged by chronic Chagas disease-see also:: Image: Heart radiology Chagas disease. JPG | Chagas heart, radiology

Blood transfusion was formerly the second-most common mode of transmission for Chagas disease, but the development and implementation of blood bank screening tests has dramatically reduced this risk in the last decade.

Gene therapy faces many obstacles before it can become a practical approach for treating disease.

Over the course of the disease, the thyroid glands greatly enlarge ( up to 10 x 20 cm ) and may become polycystic.

Cronenberg has said that his films should be seen " from the point of view of the disease ", and that, for example, he identifies with the characters in Shivers after they become infected with the anarchic parasites.

Such disease can be treated by reducing the hormone which has become imbalanced.

While rheumatic fever since the advent of routine penicillin administration for Strep throat has become less common in developed countries, in the older generation and in much of the less-developed world, valvular disease ( including mitral valve prolapse, reinfection in the form of valvular endocarditis, and valve rupture ) from undertreated rheumatic fever continues to be a problem.

Surgery tends to be done only when just one of the thyroid glands is affected ( unilateral disease ); however, following surgery, the remaining gland may become over-active.

In the latter case, the disease may only be defined as a " disease " ( which by definition means an illness ) in hosts who secondarily become ill after contact with an asymptomatic carrier.

Upon reusing these healthy chickens, Pasteur discovered he could not infect them, even with fresh bacteria ; the weakened bacteria had caused the chickens to become immune to the disease, though they had caused only mild symptoms.

Though his earliest publications date from his mid-twenties, Valéry did not become a full-time writer until 1920, when the man for whom he worked as private secretary, a former chief executive of the Havas news agency, Edouard Lebey, died of Parkinson's disease.

Annually, 8 million people become ill with tuberculosis, and 2 million people die from the disease worldwide.

Malicious magic users can become a credible cause for disease, sickness in animals, bad luck, sudden death, impotence and other such misfortunes.

After discovering the function of the putamen, it has become apparent to neurologists that the putamen and basal ganglia play an important role in Parkinson's disease and other diseases that involve the degeneration of neurons.

There have been no known cases of direct canine-human or feline-human transmission ; although these pets can become infected, it is unlikely they are, in turn, capable of infecting native mosquitoes and thus continuing the disease cycle.

As the disease progresses, the limbs may become paralyzed and death may occur.

Contrary to folklore, leprosy does not cause body parts to fall off, although they can become numb or diseased as a result of secondary infections ; these occur as a result of the body's defenses being compromised by the primary disease.

As the disease advances, uncoordinated, jerky body movements become more apparent, along with a decline in mental abilities and behavioral and psychiatric problems.

Symptoms of Huntington's disease commonly become noticeable between the ages of 35 and 44 years, but they can begin at any age from infancy to old age.

Two of the major pathogens that attack garlic are nematodes and white rot disease, which remain in the soil indefinitely after the ground has become infected.

As lung disease worsens, mechanical breathing support may become necessary.

LDL particles pose a risk for cardiovascular disease when they invade the endothelium and become oxidized, since the oxidized forms are more easily retained by the proteoglycans.

Also, endometriotic lesions can develop their own nerve supply, thereby creating a direct and two-way interaction between lesions and the central nervous system, potentially producing a variety of individual differences in pain that can, in some women, become independent of the disease itself.

The success with Tay – Sachs disease has led Israel to become the first country that offers free genetic screening and counseling for all couples.