By Otto's marriage to Eilika, daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony, the Ascanians became heirs to half of the property of the House of Billung, former dukes of Saxony.

He defeated the dukes of Guise and Nemours, but the young Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, knocked him half out of the saddle.

The dukes governed the province nearly half a century.

It was restored in the first half of the 19th century, and is today in the former palace of the dukes, now part of the Musée des Beaux-Arts of Dijon.

In the second half of the 13th century, the Piast dukes of Opole invited German settlers to colonize the Silesian Foothills.

Macbeth ( Mac Bethad mac Findláich ) is recorded as his dux, literally duke, but in the context — " dukes of Francia " had half a century before replaced the Carolingian kings of the Franks and in England the over-mighty Godwin of Wessex was called a dux — this suggests that Macbeth was the power behind the throne.

Mantes was half way between the centres of power of the dukes of Normandy at Rouen and the Kings of France at Paris.

Rows of sealskin spots on the cape designate the peer's rank ; dukes use four rows, marquesses three and a half, earls three, viscounts two and a half, and barons and lords of Parliament two.

In this quarter are the remains ( 16th century ) of the chateau of the dukes of Bar, dismantled in 1670, the old clock-tower, and the college, built in the latter half of the 16th century.

The long-held loyalty of the dukes of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Emperor had waned in the first half of the thirteenth century and French influence was pervasive leading to its permanent attachment to France in 1766.

This proximity to Burgundy was largely a result of his father's moving away from the French court, the court to which the Lorrainer dukes had neared in the past century and a half as they withdrew from the Holy Roman Empire, within which their duchy was still technically a vassal state.

Thus, as early as the second half of the 15th century, further development in siege technology concentrated on the Hauptbüchse, and bombards largely disappeared from the leading artillery arsenal of the dukes of Burgundy.

In the second half of the 14th century, the dukes of Burgundy gained a foothold in the Low Countries through the marriage in 1369 of Philip the Bold of Burgundy to the heiress of the Count of Flanders.

In the first half of the 12th century, the owner of the place was the Polish dukes ' governor, Danish Peter Wlast Dunin, ( Polish: Piotr Włostowic ), who founded there an Augustinian convent which was subsequently moved to Breslau in 1153.

At the court of Hungary there were two parties arrayed against each other: the Magyar party under the leadership of Zápolyas and the German party under the leadership of George of Brandenburg, whose authority was increased by the acquisition of the duchies of Ratibor and Oppeln by hereditary treaties with their respective dukes and of the territories of Oderberg, Beuthen, and Tarnowitz as pledges from the king of Bohemia, who could not redeem his debts.

The 1232 document marked the first time that the German dukes were called domini terræ, owners of their lands, a remarkable change in terminology as well.

* Doges were elected by their Italian aristocratic republics from a patrician nobility, but " reigned " as sovereign dukes.

Instead of seeking to administer the empire through counts, as Charlemagne had done and as his successors had attempted, Henry allowed the dukes of Franconia, Swabia and Bavaria to maintain complete internal control of their holdings.

(, ), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen ), Germany and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of Great Britain, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( later described as the Elector of Hanover ).

* Two dukes, both military officers, were nicknamed the " Iron Duke " during their lifetimes:

In 1345, the bishops became Imperial immediate dukes in their secular reign.

As the power of Lithuanian warlord dukes expanded to the south and east, the cultivated East Slavic Ruthenians moved in the opposite direction within their new statehood and exerted influence on the Lithuanian ruling class.

Coat of arms of the Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of LuxembourgIn these centuries the electors of Brandenburg, later kings of Prussia ( Borussia ), advanced their claim to the Luxembourg patrimony as heirs-general to William of Thuringia and his wife Anna of Bohemia, the disputed dukes of Luxembourg of the 1460s – Anna was the eldest daughter of the last Luxembourg heiress.

Aside from the richest and most powerful of the dukes and the king himself, Lombard noblemen tended to live in cities ( unlike their Frankish counterparts ) and hold little more than twice as much in land as the merchant class ( a far cry from the provincial Frankish aristocrat who held a vast swathe of land hundreds of times larger than the nearest man beneath him ).

The princes ( dukes ) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin had according to this source their own standard, showing the griffin of Rostock.

Mindaugas, despite his youth, as well as his brother Dausprungas are listed among the elder dukes, implying that they had inherited their titles.

Next, he attempted to turn the Lombard king and dukes against the pope, but they retained their ambivalent stance, not committing one way or the other.

The Zähringer dynasty ended with the death of Berchtold V in 1218, and their cities subsequently became reichsfrei ( essentially a city-state within the Holy Roman Empire ), while the dukes of Kyburg competed with the house of Habsburg over control of the rural regions of the former Zähringer territory.

The early Salians owed much of their success to their alliance with the Church, a policy begun by Otto I, which gave them the material support they needed to subdue rebellious dukes.

For example, the Obotrites evolved from the unification of the Holstein and Western Mecklenburg tribes led by mighty dukes known for their raids into German Saxony.

In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes.

* February 10 – Mary of Burgundy, the daughter of Charles the Bold, is forced by her disgruntled subjects to sign the Great Privilege, by which the Flemish cities recover all the local and communal rights which had been abolished by the arbitrary decrees of the dukes of Burgundy, in their efforts to create in the Low Countries a centralized state.

On their return, the Hungarian dukes Lél, Bulcsú and Sur, who were not Árpáds, were executed.

Reigning bearers of forms of Highness included grand princes, grand dukes, sovereign princes, reigning dukes and princely counts, their families and the agnatic descendants of emperors and kings.

The childless dukes Louis and Otto had already promised Charles IV the succession in Brandenburg in 1364 as revenge for a conflict with their brother Stephen II over the Bavarian succession after the death of their nephew Meinhard, the son of Louis V. Louis the Roman died in Berlin in 1365.

In medieval England, duchies associated with the territories of Lancashire and Cornwall were created, with certain powers and estates of land accruing to their dukes.

Historian Roderich Schmidt says that the first mention was in two documents dating to 1227, signed by the Pomeranian dukes Wartislaw III and Barnim I and their mothers, confirming the establishment of Marienbusch Abbey in 1224 and donating estates, among them a village " in Stolp minore " or " in parvo Ztolp ", respectively, to that abbey.

This canon, or decree, which at first bound not the laity, was effectually confirmed by two kingdoms of the heptarchy, in their parliamentary conventions of estates, respectively consisting of the kings of Mercia and Northumberland, the bishops, dukes, senators, and people.

Holstein was restored to him by the peace of Frederiksborg in 1720, but in the following year king Frederick IV was recognised as sole sovereign of Schleswig by the estates and by the partitioned-off dukes of the Augustenburg and Glücksburg lines.

This list of dukes and duchesses in Sweden excludes minor duchies ( individual towns, manors, mines, estates ) as well as former lands and provinces such as Finland and Estonia which are no longer in the kingdom.

Alessandro Farnese died in 1589 bequeathing his estates to relations-the Farnese dukes of Parma.

The comital estates of Bleiburg Castle were seized by the Habsburg dukes Albert III and Leopold III in 1369, the settlement received town privileges the next year.

The replacement administrative system functioned surprisingly well, because the then advocates ( Vögte ) were ducal officials and received estates awarded by the dukes.

The estates of Gersau gradually came into the hands of the Habsburgs, but in 1333, under dukes Albert II and Otto IV the Merry of Austria, the jurisdiction and rights over Gersau fell into the hands of Lucerne nobility.

Of the Mowbray estates the castle and lordship of Bramber is still vested in the dukes of Norfolk.