Thus, while it remains possible that the Babylonians and/or the Pythagoreans may perhaps have had the magic square of three before the Chinese did, more definite evidence will have to turn up from the Middle East or the Classical World before China can lose her claim to the earliest known magic square by more than a thousand years.

The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC.

The earliest Mongolic language of which we have written evidence is known as Middle Mongol.

The Chāndogya Upaniṣad, dated to the 8th or 7th century BCE, one of the oldest Upanishads, has the earliest evidence for the use of the word ahimsa in the sense familiar in Hinduism ( a code of conduct ).

The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of today's Berlin are a wooden beam dated from approximately 1192 and leftovers of wooden houseparts dated to 1174 found in a 2012 digging in Berlin Mitte.

He argued that the term bretwalda " falls into line with the other evidence which points to the Germanic origin of the earliest English institutions ".

There is little evidence regarding the absolute earliest instant of the expansion.

The earliest and most direct kinds of observational evidence are the Hubble-type expansion seen in the redshifts of galaxies, the detailed measurements of the cosmic microwave background, the relative abundances of light elements produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and today also the large scale distribution and apparent evolution of galaxies predicted to occur due to gravitational growth of structure in the standard theory.

The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete ( c. 1500 – 900 BC ), and on Sardinia, if we consider the boxing statues of Prama mountains ( c. 2000 – 1000 BC ).

The earlier date, first proposed in modern times by John Robinson in a closely argued chapter of " Redating the New Testament " ( 1976 ), relies on the book's internal evidence, given that no external testimony exists earlier than that of Irenaeus, noted above, and the earliest extant manuscript evidence of Revelation ( P98 ) is likewise dated no earlier than the late 2nd century.

One of the earliest evidence of Hindu influence in Southeast Asia were stone pillars which bear inscriptions in the Pallava script found in Kutai along the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan, dating to around the second half of the 300s AD.

" The Acts of the Scilitan Martyrs ", one of the earliest texts which offer evidence of the development of " the Bible ", indicates that the leader of the Scilitan Martyrs possessed a " capsa ", or container for scroll-form books ( volumen, pl.

This then is our earliest evidence of monks praying the Psalms as the main part of their daily scripted and Scriptural prayer regimen: the Desert Fathers.

Traditionally, the extinct family Viverravidae ( viverravids ) had been thought to be the earliest carnivorans, with fossil records first appearing in the Paleocene of North America about 60 mya, but recently described evidence from cranial morphology now places them outside the order Carnivora.

Excavations in modern-day Iraq by Ernest de Sarzec in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known code of justice, issued by the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ca 2300 BC.

Skeat “… in at least three cases and probably in all, in the form of codices " and he theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then “… must have spread rapidly to the Near East …” In his discussion of one of the earliest pagan parchment codices to survive from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat ’ s notion when stating “… its mere existence is evidence that this book form had a prehistory ” and that “ early experiments with this book form may well have taken place outside of Egypt .” Early codices of parchment or papyrus appear to have been widely used as personal notebooks, for instance in recording copies of letters sent ( Cicero Fam.

Although the castrato ( or musico ) predates opera, there is some evidence that castrati had parts in the earliest operas.

The earliest evidence for acupuncture in this sense dates to the second or first century BCE.

The earliest inhabitants of the islands were probably Arabs and Africans, the latter probably Bantu-speaking ; the earliest evidence of settlement of the islands dates from the eighth century.

Other regions of the world, including India and China, also have early evidence of water clocks, but the earliest dates are less certain.

These provide some of the earliest evidence for Irish knowledge of Latin.

Sometimes the Doric order is considered the earliest order, but there is no evidence to support this.

The earliest textual evidence of the handheld crossbow used in battle dates to the 4th century BC.

Wells's earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context.

As with so many traditional dances in England and Europe, these characters are integral to the tradition, and their role was documented in all of the earliest published descriptions of the Northumbrian dance – descriptions which pre-date the introduction of the flexible rapper sword which so fundamentally changed the dance.

Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominini is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later.

The earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later.

Leakey and her team of these footprints therefore settled the issue proving that the hominids found at Laetoli were fully bipedal before the evolution of the modern human brain, and were even bipedal close to a million years before the earliest stone tools .< ref > Agnew, Neville and Demas, Martha.

Prosauropods represented a middle phase between the earliest bipedal herbivores and the later giant sauropods.

In 1995, one of the oldest hominids, representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found in Buya, Eritrea by Italian scientists dated to over 1 million years old ( the oldest of its kind ), providing a link between hominids and the earliest humans.

The earliest record of hominids living in Europe has been found in the Spanish cave of Atapuerca ; fossils found there date to roughly 1. 2 million years ago.

It satisfied European expectations that the earliest humans would be found in Eurasia, and the British, it has been claimed, also wanted a first Briton to set against fossil hominids found elsewhere in Europe, including France and Germany.

It is thought that the earliest hominids evolved in Olduvai or somewhere similar around 4 million years ago.

The Bhimbetka shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India and deliver traces of dance from prehistoric times ; a number of analyses suggest that at least some of these shelters were inhabited by hominids like homo erectus more than 100, 000 years ago.

Whether the earliest control of fire by hominids dates to the Lower or to the Middle Paleolithic remains an open question.

The earliest known hominids in North Africa arrived around 200, 000 BC.

The finding discovered in 1985 by Alan Walker in West Turkana, Kenya, KNM WT 17000 ( known as the " Black Skull " due to the dark coloration of the bone, caused by high levels of manganese ), is one of the earliest examples of robust pliocene hominids.

The earliest hominids may have dated to 1. 2 million years ago, representing the first in Europe.

According to José María Bermúdez de Castro, co-director of research at an archeological site in Atapuerca, findings have uncovered " anatomical evidence of the hominids that fabricated tools more than one million years ago ", which may have been the earliest West European hominid.

" The retention of knuckle-walking morphology in the earliest hominids indicates that bipedalism evolved from an ancestor already adapted for terrestrial locomotion.

And so deadheads on the payroll can be eased out at the earliest possible age.

Mesopotamia can claim the earliest cities, particularly Eridu, Uruk, and Ur.

CVD oxide invariably has lower quality than thermal oxide, but thermal oxidation can only be used in the earliest stages of IC manufacturing.

All but the very earliest 1541s can use either the Alps or Newtronics mechanism.

In the Protestant traditions some of the earliest writings opposing unorthodox groups like Swedenborg's teachings, can be traced back to John Wesley, Alexander Campbell and Princeton theologians like Charles Hodge and Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield.

Early conceptions of ecology, such as a balance and regulation in nature can be traced to Herodotus ( died c. 425 BC ), who described one of the earliest accounts of mutualism in his observation of " natural dentistry ".

Due to schisms, only the two earliest councils can be considered to have included bishops of the entire Christian Church, as it existed before those schisms.

Further, the earliest use of feuum ( as a replacement for beneficium ) can be dated to 899, the same year a Muslim base at Fraxinetum ( La Garde-Freinet ) in Provence was established.

One of the earliest examples of the technique can be found in the 16th century chivalric romance, Amadis of Gaul ( 1508 ), written by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.

The earliest recorded beginnings of geometry can be traced to early peoples, who discovered obtuse triangles in the ancient Indus Valley ( see Harappan Mathematics ), and ancient Babylonia ( see Babylonian mathematics ) from around 3000 BC.

Alice Miller claims that " many people suffer all their lives from this oppressive feeling of guilt, the sense of not having lived up to their parents ' expectations .... no argument can overcome these guilt feelings, for they have their beginnings in life's earliest period, and from that they derive their intensity.

TeamGym ( also known as " Gymnastics for All ") has it origins in earliest times. These days, although teams can compete the sport itself was developed to enhance fitness and health in the participants and is accessible to anyone of any age.

" Explicit connections of the earliest Stoics to Heraclitus showing how they arrived at their interpretation are missing but they can be inferred from the Stoic fragments.

Dating of remains to the biblical history is made difficult by the Bible's lack of datable events and its unreliable internal chronology ; the interpretation of remains has been influenced by religious and nationalistic arguments, as evidenced by arguments over burials from the highland settlement phase ; and no material remains have been found which can reliably separate Israelite from non-Israelite ( Canaanite ) sites in the earliest period.

Israel Finkelstein proposed that the oval or circular layout that distinguishes some of the earliest highland sites, and the notable absence of pig bones from hill sites, could be taken as a marker of ethnicity, but others have cautioned that these can be a " common-sense " adaptation to highland life and not necessarily revelatory of origins.

Purcell is said to have been composing at nine years old, but the earliest work that can be certainly identified as his is an ode for the King's birthday, written in 1670.

Henry Purcell's earliest anthem Lord, who can tell was composed in 1678.

The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad, dating back to the 24th century BC.

In fact the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called Italian ( or more accurately, vernacular, as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin ) are legal formulae from the Province of Benevento that date from 960 – 963.

" Incunable " is the anglicised singular form of " incunabula ", Latin for " swaddling clothes " or " cradle " which can refer to " the earliest stages or first traces in the development of anything.

The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE.

The earliest of the prose can be dated on linguistic grounds to the 9th century, and some of the verse may be as old as the 6th century.

Parshvanatha, the twenty-third Tirthankar, is the earliest Jain leader who can be reliably dated.