Perhaps the earliest prototype for a law of government, this document itself has not yet been discovered ; however it is known that it allowed some rights to his citizens.

One of the earliest articulations of the anthropological meaning of the term " culture " came from Sir Edward Tylor who writes on the first page of his 1897 book: “ Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society .” The term " civilization " later gave way to definitions by V. Gordon Childe, with culture forming an umbrella term and civilization becoming a particular kind of culture.

One of the earliest justifications involved the theory of natural law.

However, the earliest known civilizations had codes of law, containing both civil and penal rules mixed together, though not always in recorded form.

This idea came from common law, and the earliest conception of a criminal act involved events of such major significance that the " State " had to usurp the usual functions of the civil tribunals, and direct a special law or privilegium against the perpetrator.

All the earliest English criminal trials involved wholly extraordinary and arbitrary courts without any settled law to apply, whereas the civil ( delictual ) law operated in a highly developed and consistent manner ( except where a King wanted to raise money by selling a new form of writ ).

The earliest predecessor of Caltrans was the Bureau of Highways, which was created by the California Legislature and signed into law by Governor James Budd in 1895.

The " Gong An story " （ 公案小说, literally ：" case records of a public law court "） is the earliest known genre of Chinese detective fiction.

* Hammurabi, a Babylonian who wrote some of the earliest codes of law

The earliest doctoral degrees ( theology, law, and medicine ) reflected the historical separation of all university study into these three fields.

Æthelberht ’ s law for Kent, the earliest written code in any Germanic language, instituted a complex system of fines.

The earliest known use of an expert witness in English law came in 1782, when a court that was hearing litigation relating to the silting-up of Wells harbour in Norfolk accepted evidence from a leading civil engineer, John Smeaton.

The earliest law against female homosexuality appeared in France in 1270.

The earliest English factory law was passed in 1802 and dealt with the safety and health of child textile workers.

The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the midrashic form, in which halakhic discussion is structured as exegetical commentary on the Torah.

The earliest legislative development of privacy rights began under British common law, which protected " only the physical interference of life and property.

The earliest version of the story claims " This case was of so terrific a nature, it was made part of the sentence of the law, that besides the execution of the monsters upon the rack, the houses in which they perpetrated those infernal deeds, should be pulled down, and that the spot on which they stood should be marked out to posterity with horror and execration.

The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the midrashic form, in which halakhic discussion is structured as exegetical commentary on the Pentateuch.

There is a myth that the earliest reference to thirteen being unlucky or evil is from the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi ( circa 1780 BCE ), where the thirteenth law is omitted.

The Ordinance of 1639, Maryland's earliest comprehensive law, expressed a general commitment to the rights of man, but did not specifically detail protections for religious minorities of any kind.

Perhaps the earliest recorded example is the prohibition of the use of alcohol under Islamic law ( Sharia ), which is usually attributed to passages in the Qur ' an dating from the 7th century.

Indeed, " contract redline " and " legal blackline " are some of the earliest forms of revision control, and are still employed in business and law with varying degrees of sophistication.

The Chāndogya Upaniṣad, dated to the 8th or 7th century BCE, one of the oldest Upanishads, has the earliest evidence for the use of the word ahimsa in the sense familiar in Hinduism ( a code of conduct ).

The earliest PDP-7 implementations compiled to threaded code, and then Ritchie wrote a compiler using TMG which produced machine code.

Excavations in modern-day Iraq by Ernest de Sarzec in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known code of justice, issued by the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ca 2300 BC.

Urukagina ( reigned c. 2380 BC – 2360 BC, short chronology ) had an early code that has not survived ; a later king, Ur-Nammu, left the earliest extant written law-system, the Code of Ur-Nammu ( c. 2100-2050 BC ), which prescribed a formal system of penalties for specific cases in 57 articles.

The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also suggests that both the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence.

The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also suggests that the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence.

Cryptography historian David Kahn titles him the " Father of Western Cryptography ", pointing to three significant advances in the field which can be attributed to Alberti: " the earliest Western exposition of cryptanalysis, the invention of polyalphabetic substitution, and the invention of enciphered code " ().

Its product code was 80501 ( 80500 for the earliest steppings Q0399 ).

Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species, it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate nomenclature code, generally the earliest published if two or more names are accidentally assigned to a species.

The earliest and still most common form of compiler-compiler is a parser generator, whose input is a grammar ( usually in BNF ) of a programming language, and whose generated output is the source code of a parser often used as a component of a compiler.

One of the earliest ( 1964 ), surprisingly powerful, versions of compiler-compilers is META II, which accepted grammars and code generation rules, and is able to compile itself and other languages.

The Salic law code contains the earliest surviving attestations of Old Dutch.

The 1409 Flos Duellatorum of Italy is the earliest example of an actual code duello in Europe.

The earliest Anglo-Saxon law code to survive, which may date from 602 or 603, is that of Æthelberht of Kent, whose reign ended in 616.

It's one of the oldest computer chess programs for Unix-based computers and one of the earliest available with full source code.

The earliest Leica reflex housing was the PLOOT ( Leitz's five letter code for its products ), announced in 1935, along with the 200mm f / 4. 5 Telyt Lens.

The earliest surviving civil code is the Code of Hammurabi, produced circa 1760 BC by the Babylonian king Hammurabi.

Ancient Sumer's Code of Ur-Nammu was compiled circa 2100-2050 BC, and is the earliest known surviving civil code.

The earliest practical use of crystal radio was to receive Morse code radio signals transmitted by early amateur radio experimenters using very powerful spark-gap transmitters.

He promulgated the earliest versions of a written code of Catalan law, the Usages of Barcelona.

Louden purchased DECWAR source code and had MegaWars developed, one of the earliest multi-player online games ( or MMOG ), in 1982.

Another peculiar feature is that this system was one of the earliest to use true object-oriented code.