It is also possible that, in addition to its effects through the brain, leptin may act directly on cells in the bone to regulate bone metabolism.

These people are said to be resistant to the effects of leptin, in much the same way that people with type 2 diabetes are resistant to the effects of insulin.

This is similar to the action of leptin, but the two hormones perform complementary actions, and can have additive effects.

Lack of sleep produces ghrelin, which stimulates appetite and creates less leptin, which, among its many other effects, suppresses appetite.

The appetite stimulating effects of AgRP are inhibited by the hormone leptin and activated by the hormone ghrelin.

The rocking, I realized, is the single element in the story that carries the erotic message, the unspoken and unconscious undercurrent that would mar the innocence of a child's fantasy and disturb the effects of the work if it were made explicit.

I am sure that none of the effects of this story were consciously employed by Lawrence to describe an oedipal fantasy in childhood.

No one suggested that the ethical effects of the art were irrelevant.

Several effects were immediately evident.

In the preparation of the questionnaire the problems noted above were carefully considered, and the structure and phraseology used were designed to minimize the effects of these limitations.

This last was probably not in Brumidi's palette, but was needed to take the chill, bluish look off the new work next to the old, where softening effects of time were seen, even after thorough cleaning.

pharmacological effects in vitro on isolated surviving organs and in vivo on blood pressure were assayed ; ;

The movie was The Great Train Robbery and its effects on the young industry and art were all but incalculable.

For example, one study on volunteerism found that feeling overwhelmed by others ' demands had an even stronger negative effect on mental health than helping had a positive one ( although positive effects were still significant ).

The two terms may not have originally been distinguished ; though in Homer's poems nectar is usually the drink and ambrosia the food of the gods ; it was with ambrosia Hera " cleansed all defilement from her lovely flesh ", and with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effects of years had been stripped away and they were inflamed with passion at the sight of her.

Research suggested that most of the adverse effects of NSAIDs were mediated by blocking the COX1 ( constitutive ) enzyme, with the analgesic effects being mediated by the COX2 ( inducible ) enzyme.

High-alcohol liquor, two forms of which were in the US Pharmacopoeia up until 1916 and in common use by physicians well into the 1930s, has been used in the past as an agent for dulling pain, due to the CNS depressant effects of ethyl alcohol, a notable example being the American Civil War.

In 2008, psychology professor Benny Shanon published a controversial hypothesis that a brew analogous to Ayahuasca was heavily connected to early Judaism, and that the effects of this brew were responsible for some of the most significant events of Moses ' life, including his vision of the burning bush.

But in 1969, it was revealed to the public that the 2, 4, 5-T was contaminated with a dioxin, 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ( TCDD ), and that the TCDD was causing many of the previously unexplained adverse health effects which were correlated with Agent Orange exposure.

These adverse effects were reversed when the regimen stopped, but it was fatal in some patients with protracted vomiting.

Although observations of some aerodynamic effects such as wind resistance ( e. g. drag ) were recorded by Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, very little effort was made to develop a rigorous quantitative theory of air flow prior to the 17th century.

The Euler equations were extended to incorporate the effects of viscosity in the first half of the 1800s, resulting in the Navier-Stokes equations.

Although these effects are unpleasant and in some cases harmful, they were at one time, along with akathisia, considered a reliable sign that the drug was working.

While the atypical ( second-generation ) antipsychotics were marketed as offering greater efficacy in reducing psychotic symptoms while reducing side effects ( and Extrapyramidal symptoms in particular ) than typical medications, the results showing these effects often lacked robustness, and the assumption was increasingly challenged even as atypical prescriptions were soaring.

These conclusions were, however, questioned by another review, which found that clozapine, amisulpride, and olanzapine and risperidone were more effective Clozapine has appeared to be more effective than other atypical antipsychotics, although it has previously been banned due to its potentially lethal side effects.

Many studies have observed the effects of volunteerism ( as a form of altruism ) on happiness and health and have consistently found a strong connection between volunteerism and current and future health and well-being.

A number of harmful and undesired ( adverse ) effects have been observed, including lowered life expectancy, extrapyramidal effects on motor control – including akathisia ( an inability to sit still ), trembling, and muscle weakness – weight gain, decrease in brain volume ( although this is being debated, since schizophrenia, which is often treated with antipsychotics, also causes a shrinkage of brain volume ), enlarged breasts ( gynecomastia ) in men and milk discharge in men and women ( galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinaemia ), lowered white blood cell count ( agranulocytosis ), involuntary repetitive body movements ( tardive dyskinesia ), diabetes, sexual dysfunction, a return of psychosis requiring increasing the dosage due to cells producing more neurochemicals to compensate for the drugs ( tardive psychosis ), and a potential for permanent chemical dependence leading to psychosis worse than before treatment began, if the drug dosage is ever lowered or stopped ( tardive dysphrenia ).

Detrimental effects on short term memory, which affect the way one figures and calculates ( although this also may be purely subjective ), may also be observed on high enough dosages.

" Sui-Nam Lee observed that " communication imperialism can be defined as the process in which the ownership and control over the hardware and software of mass media as well as other major forms of communication in one country are singly or together subjugated to the domination of another country with deleterious effects on the indigenous values, norms and culture.

Therefore, four loose families of more-efficient light transport modelling techniques have emerged: rasterization, including scanline rendering, geometrically projects objects in the scene to an image plane, without advanced optical effects ; ray casting considers the scene as observed from a specific point-of-view, calculating the observed image based only on geometry and very basic optical laws of reflection intensity, and perhaps using Monte Carlo techniques to reduce artifacts ; and ray tracing is similar to ray casting, but employs more advanced optical simulation, and usually uses Monte Carlo techniques to obtain more realistic results at a speed that is often orders of magnitude slower.

The most observed geometries are listed below, but there are many cases that deviate from a regular geometry, e. g. due to the use of ligands of different types ( which results in irregular bond lengths ; the coordination atoms do not follow a points-on-a-sphere pattern ), due to the size of ligands, or due to electronic effects ( see, e. g., Jahn-Teller distortion ):

In these scenarios, the effects attributed to centrifugal force are only observed in the local frame ( the frame in which the object is stationary ) if the object is undergoing absolute rotation relative to an inertial frame.

By contrast, in an inertial frame, the observed effects arise as a consequence of the inertia and the known forces without the need to introduce a centrifugal force.

The effects of this study can be observed in humans with amnesia, indicating the role of the hippocampus in developing episodic memories that can be generalized to similar situations.

The effects of diffraction of light were first carefully observed and characterized by Francesco Maria Grimaldi, who also coined the term diffraction, from the Latin diffringere, ' to break into pieces ', referring to light breaking up into different directions.

Dark matter plays a central role in state-of-the-art modeling of structure formation and galaxy evolution, and has measurable effects on the anisotropies observed in the cosmic microwave background.

Ephemeris time ( ET ), adopted as standard in 1952, was originally designed as an approach to a uniform time scale, to be freed from the effects of irregularity in the rotation of the earth, " for the convenience of astronomers and other scientists ", for example for use in ephemerides of the Sun ( as observed from the Earth ), the Moon, and the planets.

There must be some unknown mechanism acting on these variables to give rise to the observed effects of " non-commuting quantum observables ", i. e. the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Ethanol-mediated effects are not observed on tremor frequency and peak location.

Despite briefly toying with the name " rational Mesmerism ", Braid ultimately emphasised his approach's uniqueness, carrying out informal experiments throughout his career to refute the arguments invoking supernatural practices, and demonstrate instead the role of ordinary physiological and psychological processes such as suggestion and focused attention in producing the observed effects.

Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, and surface water waves.

He observed the effects of superstition on the lives of the Indian people and wrote of religion that “… it shuts its eyes to reality .” Nehru thought that religion was at the root of the stagnation and lack of progress in India.

Previously, other researchers had observed distinct color effects when cooling cholesterol derivatives just above the freezing point, but had not associated it with a new phenomenon.

If the pitch of this twist is on the order of the wavelength of visible light, then interesting optical interference effects can be observed.

As an artist, Leonardo closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.

After being selected in April 1945, Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target, where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed.

In the United States addiction clinics typically start patients at a low dose, generally only starting patients on methadone when they are in withdrawal and providing a small test dose, after which the patients are observed for possible adverse effects.