ARENA governments have financed this deficit with the emission of bonds, something the leftist party FMLN has opposed.

Debates surrounding the emission of bonds have stalled the approval of the national budget for many months on several occasions, reason for which in 2006 the government will finance the deficit by reducing expenditure in other posts.

In the First Legal Tender Act, Congress limited the Treasury's emission of United States Notes to $ 150, 000, 000 ; however, by 1863, the Second Legal Tender Act, enacted July 11, 1862, a Joint Resolution of Congress, and the Third Legal Tender Act, enacted March 3, 1863, had expanded the limit to $ 450, 000, 000, the option to exchange the notes for United States bonds at par had been revoked, and notes of $ 1 and $ 2 denominations had been introduced as the appearance of fiat currency had driven even silver coinage out of circulation.

The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir effect, the van der Waals bonds and the Lamb shift, and are thought to influence the behavior of the Universe on cosmological scales.

Given a mutually repulsive state between atoms whose chemical bonds are broken, the material explodes into a small plasma cloud of energetic ions with higher velocities than seen in thermal emission.

This trade of bonds would be the Argentine apport to the third emission of Bono del Sur by the Chávez administration.

Baird's proposal has been met with approval from Canada's oilpatch executives, who described them as the toughest emission regulations in the world, and who feared that more stringent standards would stifle oil sands exploration.

The projects and the issue of CERs is subject to approval to ensure that these emission reductions are real and " additional.

The emission from an EDL is higher than that from an HCL, and the line width is generally narrower, but EDLs need a separate power supply and might need a longer time to stabilize.

The probes need to be labelled either with radioactive isotopes (< sup > 32 </ sup > P ) or with chemiluminescence in which alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase break down chemiluminescent substrates producing a detectable emission of light.

Polyurethane may also be applied over a straight oil finish, but because of the relatively slow curing time of oils, the emission of certain chemical byproducts, and the need for exposure to oxygen from the air, care must be taken that the oils are sufficiently cured to accept the polyurethane.

All 34 public service agencies also need to have emission reduction plans in place. The Carbon Neutral Public Service programme was discontinued in March 2009.

Flashlamp pumped lasers need a flash with an extremely short duration, to deliver the large amounts of energy necessary to bring the dye past threshold before triplet absorption overcomes singlet emission.

( Friedel and Israel 1987 ) Once he had established the need for a high resistance lamp he was faced with a lack of optical emission theories to describe the behaviour of materials when heated to incandescence.

This was provisionally signed off in July 2009 by the Department for Transport, with the caveat that individual schemes would still need to be assessed for value for money and compatibility with greenhouse gas emission targets.

Although the East African Rift lakes contribute comparatively little greenhouse gas emission, nonetheless there is a need to reduce the deforestation rate of surrounding areas and restore cleared areas.

The CVCC engine had a head design that promoted cleaner, more efficient combustion, eliminating the need to use a Catalytic converter for the new California emission standards-nearly every other U. S. market car for that year needed exhausts with catalytic converters.

However, systems with higher resolution requirements need to use field electron emission sources, such as heated W / ZrO < sub > 2 </ sub > for lower energy spread and enhanced brightness.

A photon has spin 1, and when there is a transition with emission or absorption of a photon the atom will need to change state to conserve angular momentum.

Confronted with the need to meet new 1992 EU emission control requirements, Lada tried to continue to use a carburettor with an exhaust catalyst instead of the nearly universally used electronic fuel injection.

If the light source loses mass during the emission by, the contradiction in the momentum law vanishes without the need of any compensating effect in the ether.

The price of allowances increased more or less steadily to a peak level in April 2006 of about € 30 per tonne CO < sub > 2 </ sub >,< ref > but fell in May 2006 to under € 10 / ton on news that some countries were likely to give their industries such generous emission caps that there was no need for them to reduce emissions.

Cities with slow air exchange ( inversion ) and high emission figures ( particulate matter PM < sub > 10 </ sub >, PM < sub > 2. 5 </ sub >, NO < sub > x </ sub >, Ozone ) caused by diesel-powered vehicles, need a way to reduce big pollution sources.

The challenge arises from the requirement that the set of qualified users can change in each broadcast emission, and therefore revocation of individual users or user groups should be possible using broadcast transmissions, only, and without affecting any remaining users.

The vast majority of modern day tubes consist of a sealed container with a vacuum inside, and essentially rely on thermionic emission of electrons from a hot filament or hot cathode.

In January 2012, Lynas published an article titled In defence of nuclear power, in which he states that " nuclear provides the vast majority of the UK ’ s current low-carbon electricity – as much as 70 %, whilst avoiding the emission of 40 million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year.

The observed intensity of the radio emission of Venus is much higher than the expected thermal intensity, although the spectrum indicated by measurements at wave lengths near 3 cm and 10 cm is like that of a black body at about 600-degrees.

In 1959 the team continued their studies and claimed that they were able to produce an isotope that decayed predominantly by emission of an 8. 3 MeV alpha particle, with a half-life of 3 s with an associated 30 % spontaneous fission branch.

For example, in uranium-235 this delayed energy is divided into about 6. 5 MeV in betas, 8. 8 MeV in antineutrinos ( released at the same time as the betas ), and finally, an additional 6. 3 MeV in delayed gamma emission from the excited beta-decay products ( for a mean total of ~ 10 gamma ray emissions per fission, in all ).

The energy released in this transition may be emitted as a photon ( spontaneous emission ), however in practice the 3 → 2 transition ( labeled R in the diagram ) is usually radiationless, with the energy being transferred to vibrational motion ( heat ) of the host material surrounding the atoms, without the generation of a photon.

Since the lifetime of the laser transition L is long compared to that of Ra ( τ < sub > 32 </ sub > ≫ τ < sub > 43 </ sub >), a population accumulates in level 3 ( the upper laser level ), which may relax by spontaneous or stimulated emission into level 2 ( the lower laser level ).

Atomic technetium has characteristic emission lines at these wavelengths of light: 363. 3 nm, 403. 1 nm, 426. 2 nm, 429. 7 nm, and 485. 3 nm.

When the spectrum is reckoned per frequency interval, the Sun's peak emission appears at a frequency of 3. 43 x 10 < sup > 14 </ sup > Hz ; this means that the peak emission per unit frequency is at 3. 43 x 10 < sup > 14 </ sup > Hz, which corresponds to a wavelength of 883 nm and is well into the infrared.

Although < sup > 4 </ sup > He continues to be produced by other mechanisms ( such as stellar fusion and alpha decay ) and trace amounts of < sup > 1 </ sup > H continue to be produced by spallation and certain types of radioactive decay ( proton emission and neutron emission ), most of the mass of these isotopes in the universe, and all but the insignificant traces of the < sup > 3 </ sup > He and deuterium in the universe produced by rare processes such as cluster decay, are thought to have been produced in the Big Bang.

The press release claims 7. 5 times lower emissions of particulates and 3. 5 times lower emission of nitrogen oxides compared to the previous engine.

The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3 – 5 neutrons.

The pale yellow emission of the Ce < sup > 3 +</ sup >: YAG can be tuned by substituting the cerium with other rare earth elements such as terbium and gadolinium and can even be further adjusted by substituting some or all of the aluminium in the YAG with gallium.

In the outer region of the ring, part of the reddish hue is caused by hydrogen emission at 656. 3 nm, forming part of the Balmer series of lines.

This is about equivalent to methane emission into the atmosphere and accounts for ~ 1 / 3 of all hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere.

The FCC power spectral density emission limit for UWB transmitters is-41. 3 dBm / MHz.

Thus, total emission may be around 1 tonne of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > for every tonne of lime even in efficient industrial plants, but is typically 1. 3 t / t.

For one illustration of the apparent effect of surface termination on electron emission, see Figure 3 in Marchywka Effect.

During this time, the obtained spectra showed evidence for bright gaseous emission bands due to the molecules C < sub > 2 </ sub > and C < sub > 3 </ sub >.