The results of present observations of the thermal radio emission of the moon are consistent with the very low thermal conductivity of the surface layer which was derived from the variation in the infrared emission during eclipses ( e.g., Garstung, 1958 ).

For the case of Jupiter, the radio emission spectrum is definitely not like the spectrum of a black-body radiator, and it seems very likely that the radiation reaching the earth is a combination of thermal radiation from the atmosphere and non-thermal components.

No attempts to measure the radio emission of the remaining planets have been reported, and, because of their distances, small diameters, or low temperatures, the thermal radiation at radio wave lengths reaching the earth from these sources is expected to be of very low intensity.

They deduced from their measurements that the radio emission from the whole disk of the moon varied during a lunation in a roughly sinusoidal fashion ; ;

The radio emission of a planet was first detected in 1955, when Burke and Franklin ( 1955 ) identified the origin of interference-like radio noise on their records at about 15 meters wave length as emission from Jupiter.

The radio radiation of the sun which is reflected from the moon and planets should be negligible compared with their thermal emission at centimeter wave lengths, except possibly at times of exceptional outbursts of solar radio noise.

The variation in the 3-cm emission of the moon during a lunation is very much less than the variation in the 8.6-mm emission, as would be expected from the explanation of Piddington and Minnett ( 1949 ).

Gamow solved a model potential for the nucleus and derived, from first principles, a relationship between the half-life of the decay, and the energy of the emission, which had been previously discovered empirically, and was known as the Geiger – Nuttall law.

( b ) illustrates the same process using spectroscopic notation,. The Auger effect () is a physical phenomenon in which the filling of an inner-shell vacancy of an atom is accompanied by the emission of an electron from the same atom.

In LS AAS the high resolution that is required for the measurement of atomic absorption is provided by the narrow line emission of the radiation source, and the monochromator simply has to resolve the analytical line from other radiation emitted by the lamp.

The relatively small number of atomic absorption lines ( compared to atomic emission lines ) and their narrow width ( a few pm ) make spectral overlap rare ; there are only very few examples known that an absorption line from one element will overlap with another.

This technique ( named after their inventors ) is based on the line-broadening and self-reversal of emission lines from HCL when high current is applied.

Field ion microscopy techniques were initially construed as a modification of field emission, a technique which allows for a stream of electrons to be emitted from a sharp needle when subjected to a sufficiently high electric field (~ 3-6 V / nm ).

First results were disappointing as no alpha-particle emission signature could be detected from the elution product.

In 1967, a specific frequency from the emission spectrum of caesium-133 was chosen to be used in the definition of the second by the International System of Units.

Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum.

* Carbon dioxide emission from the global cement industry ( in 1994 )

Two other satellites made observations at the time of the impact: the Ulysses spacecraft, primarily designed for solar observations, was pointed towards Jupiter from its location 2. 6 AU away, and the distant Voyager 2 probe, some 44 AU from Jupiter and on its way out of the Solar System following its encounter with Neptune in 1989, was programmed to look for radio emission in the 1 – 390 kHz range.

The observed intensity of the radio emission of Venus is much higher than the expected thermal intensity, although the spectrum indicated by measurements at wave lengths near 3 cm and 10 cm is like that of a black body at about 600-degrees.

and that the maximum of the radio emission came about 3-1/2 days after Full Moon, which is again in contrast to the infrared emission, which reaches its maximum at Full Moon.

The infrared emission could then be assumed to originate at the surface of the moon, while the radio emission originates at some depth beneath the surface, where the temperature variation due to solar radiation is reduced in amplitude and shifted in phase.

This is much smaller than the highest resolution of even the very large reflectors now under construction, and consequently the radio emission of different regions of the disk cannot be resolved.

Other than this very significant result, most of the information now available about the radio emission of the planets is restricted to the intensity of the radiation.

The constant-temperature contours are much smoother than those observed at 4.3 mm by Coates ( 1959 ) and apparently the emission at 8 mm is not nearly so sensitive to differences in surface features.

It is obvious that the careful choice of photocathode which maximizes Af for a given input E ( in the case of the second stage, for the first phosphor screen emission ) is very important.

( The P-20 input is of interest because it corresponds roughly to the light emission of conventional X-ray fluorescent screens ).

In the subsurface environment, it is also produced through neutron capture by or alpha emission by calcium.

The second longest-lived isotope of astatine, astatine-211, is the only one currently having any commercial application, being employed in medicine to diagnose and treat some diseases via its emission of alpha particles ( helium-4 nuclei ).

Even touching an alpha source is usually not harmful, though many alpha sources also are accompanied by beta-emitting radio daughters, and alpha emission is also accompanied by gamma photon emission.

In 1913, Soddy also showed that an atom moves lower in atomic number by two places on alpha emission, higher by one place on beta emission.

A transition from the higher to a lower energy state, however, produces an additional photon ; this is the process of stimulated emission.

The third feature helps to boost the light emission from the semiconductor by acting as a diffusing lens, allowing light to be emitted at a much higher angle of incidence from the light cone than the bare chip is able to emit alone.

If the higher energy state has a greater population than the lower energy state ( N < sub > 1 </ sub > < N < sub > 2 </ sub >), then the emission process dominates, and light in the system undergoes a net increase in intensity.

In normal media at thermal equilibrium, absorption exceeds stimulated emission because there are more electrons in the lower energy states than in the higher energy states.

A transition from the higher to a lower energy state, however, produces an additional photon ; this is the process of stimulated emission.

The heated filament, or cathode, was capable of thermionic emission of electrons that would flow to the plate ( or anode ) when it was at a higher voltage.

The gain results from the stimulated emission of electronic or molecular transitions to a lower energy state from a higher energy state

The pump laser excites ions into a higher energy from where they can decay via stimulated emission of a photon at the signal wavelength back to a lower energy level.

Excitons are the main mechanism for light emission in semiconductors at low temperature ( when the characteristic thermal energy kT is less than the exciton binding energy ), replacing the free electron-hole recombination at higher temperatures.

However, observations do not seem to support this picture: long-time lowest-mass X-ray detection, VB 8 ( M7e V ), has shown steady emission at levels of X-ray luminosity ( L < sub > X </ sub >) ≈ 10 < sup > 26 </ sup > erg · s < sup >− 1 </ sup > ( 10 < sup > 19 </ sup > W ) and flares up to an order of magnitude higher.

Studies of brain metabolism using positron emission tomography ( PET ) scans indicate that people with insomnia have higher metabolic rates by night and by day.

London in 2003 and extended in 2007 ( see London congestion charge ); Stockholm in 2006, as seven month trial, and then on a permanent basis since August 2007 ( see Stockholm congestion tax ); and since January 2008, Milan introduced a traffic charge scheme as a one-year trial, called Ecopass, that exempts higher emission standard vehicles ( Euro IV ) and other alternative fuel vehicles.

In 1996, the EPA proposed updating the Federal Testing Procedures to add a new higher speed test ( US06 ) and an air-conditioner on test ( SC03 ) to further improve the correlation of fuel economy and emission estimates with real-world reports.

Quantum mechanically, this can be described as an excitation to a higher energy state and then a return to a lower energy state accompanied by the emission of a photon.

Stimulated emission depletion is a simple example of how higher resolution surpassing the diffraction limit is possible, but it has major limitations.

Fluidized bed combustion ( FBC ) has emerged as a viable alternative and has significant advantages over conventional firing system and offers multiple benefits – compact boiler design, fuel flexibility, higher combustion efficiency and reduced emission of noxious pollutants such as SOx and NOx.

Of the 20 or so members of the Be X-ray binary systems, as of 1996, only X Per and LSI + 61 ° 303 have X-ray outbursts of much higher luminosity and harder spectrum ( kT ≈ 10 – 20 keV ) vs. ( kT ≤ 1 keV ); however, LSI + 61 ° 303 further distinguishes itself by its strong, outbursting radio emission.

For electric field strengths higher than 10 < sup > 8 </ sup > V m < sup >− 1 </ sup >, so-called Fowler-Nordheim ( FN ) tunneling begins to contribute significant emission current.

At even higher fields, FN tunneling becomes the dominant electron emission mechanism, and the emitter operates in the so-called " cold field electron emission ( CFE )" regime.

Hence clouds exchange thermal radiation between their bases and the underlying planetary surface ( land or ocean ) by absorbing and re-emitting this infrared radiation at the prevailing temperature: the lower the cloud base, the warmer the cloud particles and the higher the rate of emission.