Fujiwara daughters were thus the usual empresses and mothers of emperors.

Since 1911, the Japanese government has declared the southern claimants were actually the rightful emperors because they retained possession of the three sacred treasures, thus converting the emperors of the former Northern court into mere pretenders.

The first series of solidi were minted probably in Ravenna, and bear at the obverse the joint portrait of Majorian and Leo I, thus celebrating the mutual recognition of the two Roman emperors.

Shangdi can also be referred to simply as " Di ", in the inscriptions found on the oracle bone archeological artifacts and in the Thirteen Classics of Chinese literature, although the interpretation of " Di " can be ambiguous, since dì ( 帝 ) means " divinity " or " emperor "; and, thus, " Di " can be used to refer to various divine spiritual beings or also to actual or legendary emperors.

The climate was further poisoned by the hatred that Tiberius ' mother Livia Drusilla felt for her, since Agrippina's ambition, to be the mother of emperors and thus Rome's first woman, was an open secret.

A number of emperors considered Imperator as a praenomen, and thus part of their names.

In order to bypass this prohibition and ensure dynastic continuity, many reigning Byzantine emperors had their heirs crowned co-emperor so that the throne could not be considered vacant at their own death and thus the need for succession by election would not arise.

Many emperors, anxious to safeguard their firstborn son's right to the throne, had them crowned as co-emperors when they were still children, thus assuring that upon their own death the throne would not be even momentarily vacant.

While not describing true interregna, the Japanese era name or nengō system which was introduced in reign of Emperor Kōtoku was abandoned at the end of his reign, thus resulting in sitting emperors without era names ; these era names were not updated for some time, except for a very brief re-occurrence near the close of Emperor Temmu's reign.

The later-day Gurieli thus claimed descent from David and from dozens of emperors who were his ancestors.

Also Queen Anne, consort of former king Michael of Romania descends from these Arenbergs, thus being a descendant of Byzantine emperors of Constantinople.

Gildas also writes that Aurelianus ’ parents " wore the purple ", and thus were apparently descended from Roman emperors.

A decree of the emperors Theodosius II and Valentinian III, addressed to Amatius, prefect of Gaul ( 9 July 425 ), prohibited Jews and pagans from practising law and from holding public offices (" militandi "), in order that Christians should not be in subjection to them, and thus be incited to change their faith.

Descendants of those emperors lived abroad, having married into the royal families of Georgia, Russia, France, Persia, Italy, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Serbia ; thus it was easier for the Komnenos family to ascend to the throne.

This would prove disastrous for future generations as future Tang emperors would be unable to remove or control these warlords and the central government's power would thus be slowly eroded and diminished.

In the confusing Year of the four emperors, the legion fought in Otho's army in the Battle of Bedriacum, where this emperor was defeated by Vitellius The victorious Vitellius ordered the legion transferred to Spain, but by the year 70 it was fighting in the Batavian rebellion.

During the 3rd century, the legion fought for several emperors, who awarded the legion with titles showing the fidelity of the legion and the favour gained by the Emperor himself.

The next serious Roman civil war would not be fought until after Nero's suicide in 68 AD, the year before the year of the four emperors.

Thus, Ilya supposedly served Prince Vladimir of Kiev ( ruled 980 – 1015 ); he fought Batu Khan, the founder of Golden Horde ( c. 1205 – 55 ); he saved Constantine the God-Loving, the tsar of Constantinople, from a monster ( there were a number of Byzantine emperors named Constantine, none of them contemporaries of Prince Vladimir or Batu Khan, and the one most likely to be called " God-loving " was Constantine XI, 1405 – 53 ).

Staying loyal to the Ming emperors, Wang first fought against the invaders, and then spent the rest of his life in hiding from them.

The Battle of Chrysopolis was fought on 18 September 324 at Chrysopolis ( Üsküdar ), near Chalcedon ( Kadıköy ), between the two Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius.

The empires of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia were theocracies, with chiefs, kings and emperors playing dual roles of political and spiritual leaders.

His brief pontificate came in the political context of the founding of the Holy Roman Empire, during the transition between the reigns of German emperors Otto I and Otto II and the struggle for power of aristocratic families such as the Crescentii and Tusculani in the region of Rome.

During the 4th century, after more than 300 years of repression and sometimes fierce persecution under various Roman emperors, the church became established as a political as well as a spiritual power under the Emperor Constantine.

During the medieval period, political rhetoric declined as republican oratory died out and the emperors of Rome garnered increasing authority.

The general political and economic situation deteriorated as the emperors assumed more direct control of all aspects of political life.

At a time of political unrest, with changes from Hindu Rajput rulers to Muslim Moghul emperors and viceroys, and possibly back again, a wise group would display allegiance to both creeds, but its ultimate loyalty was probably only to itself.

These emperors were elevated via a military career, from the condition of common soldiers in one of the Roman legions to the foremost positions of political power.

As these relatives occasionally were loath to give up their influence, emperors would, upon reaching maturity, be forced to rely on political alliances with senior officials and eunuchs to achieve control of the government.

The tradition of tracing Chinese political history from heroic early emperors to the Xia to succeeding dynasties comes from the idea of the Mandate of Heaven, in which only one legitimate dynasty can exist at any given time, and was promoted by the Confucian school in the Eastern Zhou period, later becoming the basic position of imperial historiography and ideology.

Under Augustus, however, this custom had been revived and applied to cover slander or libellous writings as well, eventually leading to a long cycle of trials and executions under such emperors as Tiberius, Caligula and Nero, spawning entire networks of informers that terrorized Rome's political system for decades.

After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming Dynasty and 10 of the Qing Dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China.

Deriving his power from his position as magister militum of the Western Empire, Ricimer exercised political control through a series of puppet emperors.

She had her own circle of clients and pushed many protégés into political offices, including the grandfathers of the later emperors Galba and Otho.

Works such as the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki were political in nature, used to record and therefore justify and establish the supremacy of the rule of the emperors within Japan.

Throughout the following years, he remained active in politics, serving as a high-ranking political advisor to several successive emperors.

At the same time, his political career and the contents of his Chronographia have led commentators to characterize him as obsequious and opportunistic, because of his ostensibly uncritical stance towards some of the emperors and because of the many shifts in his political loyalty over the course of his life.

His extant works are his Panegyrics on different emperors ( in which he draws largely upon Statius, Ausonius and Claudian ), which document several important political events.

For political purposes, the early Manchu emperors took wives descended from the Mongol Great Khans, so that their descendants ( such as the Kangxi Emperor ) would also be seen as legitimate heirs of the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty.

Indeed, Kammu's avoidance of drastic reform decreased the intensity of political struggles, and he became recognized as one of Japan's most forceful emperors.

The emperor's legal authority derived from an extraordinary concentration of individual powers and offices extant in the Republic rather than from a new political office ; emperors were regularly elected to the offices of consul and censor.

Many Roman emperors included public libraries into their political propaganda to win favour from citizens.

They frequently tried to affect the policy of the emperors by shouting political demands between the races.

He played an extremely important political role in the eras of Emperor Zhao and Emperor Xuan, sometimes overshadowed the power of the emperors.