It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission ; an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable.

* I / O ports: Expansion port, tape recorder connector ( 1200 baud variation on the Kansas City standard for data encoding ), aerial TV connector ( RF modulator ), composite video and RGB monitor output

In the 1990s, Jürgen Schmidhuber described an algorithmic theory of beauty which takes the subjectivity of the observer into account and postulates: among several observations classified as comparable by a given subjective observer, the aesthetically most pleasing one is the one with the shortest description, given the observer ’ s previous knowledge and his particular method for encoding the data.

A codec performs the encoding and decoding of the raw audio data while the data itself is stored in a file with a specific audio file format.

The brainfuck language uses a simple machine model consisting of the program and instruction pointer, as well as an array of at least 30, 000 byte cells initialized to zero ; a movable data pointer ( initialized to point to the leftmost byte of the array ); and two streams of bytes for input and output ( most often connected to a keyboard and a monitor respectively, and using the ASCII character encoding ).

* A content format is a specific encoding format for converting a specific type of data to information.

A character encoding system consists of a code that pairs each character from a given repertoire with something else — such as a bit pattern, sequence of natural numbers, octets, or electrical pulses — in order to facilitate the transmission of data ( generally numbers or text ) through telecommunication networks or for data storage.

A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding or decoding a digital data stream or signal.

This is especially true if the data is to undergo further processing ( for example editing ) in which case the repeated application of processing ( encoding and decoding ) on lossy codecs will degrade the quality of the resulting data such that it is no longer identifiable ( visually, audibly or both ).

CD-R recording systems available in 1990 were similar to the washing machine-sized Meridian CD Publisher, based on the two-piece rack mount Yamaha PDS audio recorder costing $ 35, 000, not including the required external ECC circuitry for data encoding, SCSI hard drive subsystem, and MS-DOS control computer.

( Often codecs create segments called a " frame " to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding.

Speech encoding is an important category of audio data compression.

Perhaps the earliest algorithms used in speech encoding ( and audio data compression in general ) were the A-law algorithm and the µ-law algorithm.

A custom encoding can be used for a specific application with no loss of data.

Briefly, the specification calls for picture encoding using the ISO / IEC 15444-1 " JPEG2000 " (. jp2 ) standard and use of the CIE XYZ color space at 12 bits per component encoded with a 2. 6 gamma applied at projection, and audio using the " Broadcast Wave " (. wav ) format at 24 bits and 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling, controlled by an XML-format Composition Playlist, into an MXF-compliant file at a maximum data rate of 250 Mbit / s.

For instance, standards for encoding data, e. g., country codes, but more significantly some encryption standards, such as the Data Encryption Standard ( FIPS 46-3 ) and the Advanced Encryption Standard ( FIPS 197 )

GIF became popular because it used LZW data compression, which was more efficient than the run-length encoding that formats such as PCX and MacPaint used, and fairly large images could therefore be downloaded in a reasonably short time, even with very slow modems.

However, for identical 8-bit ( or lower ) image data, PNG files are typically smaller than the equivalent GIFs, due to the more efficient compression techniques used in PNG encoding.

The GCs provide Golay encoding of data via hardware.

In March 1997, an informative Annex I describing Error Tracking — an encoding technique for providing improved robustness to data losses and errors, was approved to provide information for the aid of implementers having an interest in such techniques.

It retained the entire technical content of the original version of the standard, but enhanced H. 263 capabilities by adding several annexes which can substantially improve encoding efficiency and provide other capabilities ( such as enhanced robustness against data loss in the transmission channel ).

the most commonly used character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when it was surpassed by UTF-8.

The encoding of text by bits was also used in Morse code ( 1844 ) and early digital communications machines such as teletypes and stock ticker machines ( 1870 ).

The proposed encoding does not use the lexical encoding model used in the existing ISO-IR / 169 registered character set, but instead applies the Unicode and ISO character-glyph model to the Bliss-character model already adopted by BCI, since this would significantly reduce the number of needed characters.

Bliss-characters can now be used in a creative way to create many new arbitrary concepts, by surrounding the invented words with special Bliss indicators ( similar to punctuation ), something which was not possible in the ISO-IR / 169 encoding.

In communications and information processing, encoding is the process by which information from a source is converted into symbols to be communicated.

) to trivial ( romance, games ) can be any kind of imaginative encoding: flowers, game cards, clothes, fans, hats, melodies, birds, etc., in which the sole requisite is the previous agreement of the meaning by both the sender and the receiver.

* Text encoding uses a markup language to tag the structure and other features of a text to facilitate processing by computers.

However, for backward compatibility with early HTML authors and browsers that ignored this restriction, raw characters and numeric character references in the 80 – 9F range are interpreted by some browsers as representing the characters mapped to bytes 80 – 9F in the Windows-1252 encoding.

* Charset sniffing – used by many browsers when character encoding metadata is not available

The gene encoding the cholera toxin is introduced into V. cholerae by horizontal gene transfer.

In a more modern context, the complex variable length encoding used by some of the typical CISC architectures makes it complicated, but still feasible, to build a superscalar implementation of a CISC programming model directly ; the in-order superscalar original Pentium and the out-of-order superscalar Cyrix 6x86 are well known examples of this.

Reading Atari 8-bit 130kB or 180kB disks was possible as well with special software, but the standard Atari 8-bit 90kB format, which used FM rather than MFM encoding, could not be handled by the 1571 hardware without modifying the drive circuitry as the control line that determines if FM or MFM encoding is used by the disc controller chip was permanently wired to ground ( MFM mode ) rather than being under software control.

This is a simple example of run-length encoding ; there are many schemes to reduce size by eliminating redundancy.

* Only encoding sounds that could be made by a single human voice.

Results from an experiment by Davachi, Mitchell, and Wagner ( 2003 ) and numerous subsequent studies ( Davachi, 2006 ) show that activation in the hippocampus during encoding is related to a subject's ability to recall prior events or later relational memories.

** either by additional attributes ( such as the " type " attribute which indicates the MIME type of the external entity, or the " charset " attribute which indicates its encoding ),

It works by encoding values from a multidimensional vector space into a finite set of values from a discrete subspace of lower dimension.

Unary coding is an optimally efficient encoding for the following discrete probability distribution

The notation for matrix encoding consists of the number of discrete audio channels separated by a colon from the number of decoded channels.

or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.

It was created to extend the existing binary-coded decimal ( BCD ) interchange code, or BCDIC, which itself was devised as an efficient means of encoding the two zone and number punches on punched cards into 6 bits.

* A precisely specified encoding of the bits, so that all compliant computers would interpret bit patterns the same way.

That is, knowing Y, we can save an average of bits in encoding X compared to not knowing Y.

The bearer channel ( B ) is a standard 64 kbit / s voice channel of 8 bits sampled at 8 kHz with G. 711 encoding.

The modern-day ubiquitous x86 architecture belongs to this category as well, but octal is rarely used on this platform, although certain properties of the binary encoding of opcodes become more readily apparent when displayed in octal, e. g. the ModRM byte, which is divided into fields of 2, 3, and 3 bits, so octal can be useful in describing these encodings.

From this viewpoint, the A-law and μ-law algorithms ( G. 711 ) used in traditional PCM digital telephony can be seen as a very early precursor of speech encoding, requiring only 8 bits per sample but giving effectively 12 bits of resolution.

then we may take those and use them as bits in a binary number, i. e. with the encoding:

* Data compression, the process of encoding digital information using fewer bits

# A group of bits or characters transmitted as a unit and usually containing an encoding procedure for error control purposes.

Range coding is very similar to arithmetic encoding, except that encoding is done with digits in any base, instead of with bits, and so it is faster when using larger bases ( e. g. a byte ) at small cost in compression efficiency.

In BNPF encoding, a single byte ( 8 bits ) would be represented by a highly redundant character framing sequence starting with a single ASCII " B ", eight ASCII characters where a " 0 " would be represented by a " N " and a " 1 " would be represented by a " P ", followed by a ending ASCII " F ".

Alternative schemes were also available where " H " and " L " or " 0 " and " 1 " were also available to represent data bits, but in both of these encoding schemes, the two data-bearing ASCII characters differ in only one bit position, providing very poor single punch error detection.

Quantum communication involves encoding information in quantum states, or qubits, as opposed to classical communication's use of bits.

Double-precision floating-point is an IEEE 754 standard for encoding binary or decimal floating-point numbers in 64 bits ( 8 bytes ).

When a string is converted to arithmetic encoding, frequently used characters will be stored with fewer bits and not-so-frequently occurring characters will be stored with more bits, resulting in fewer bits used in total.

Gamma encoding of images is required to compensate for properties of human vision, to maximize the use of the bits or bandwidth relative to how humans perceive light and color.