But only the private BCI encoding based on ISO-IR / 169 registration is available for text interchange.

BeOS used Unicode as the default encoding in the GUI, though support for input methods such as bidirectional text input was never realized.

Variable-length codes are especially useful when clear text characters have different probabilities ; see also entropy encoding.

* Text encoding uses a markup language to tag the structure and other features of a text to facilitate processing by computers.

A character encoding system consists of a code that pairs each character from a given repertoire with something else — such as a bit pattern, sequence of natural numbers, octets, or electrical pulses — in order to facilitate the transmission of data ( generally numbers or text ) through telecommunication networks or for data storage.

UTF-16 or UTF-32, which can be used for all languages as well, are less widely used because they can be harder to handle in programming languages that assume a byte-oriented ASCII superset encoding, and they are less efficient for text with a high frequency of ASCII characters, which is usually the case for HTML documents.

The semantics of Dublin Core were established and are maintained by an international, cross-disciplinary group of professionals from librarianship, computer science, text encoding, museums, and other related fields of scholarship and practice.

The form is: " charset ' encoding ' encoded text ".

* An encoded-word may not be more than 75 characters long, including charset, encoding, encoded text, and delimiters.

Whenever possible, Gutenberg releases are available in plain text, mainly using US-ASCII character encoding but frequently extended to ISO-8859-1 ( needed to represent accented characters in French and Scharfes s in German, for example ).

The purpose of using plain text today is primarily independence from programs that require their very own special encoding or formatting, and from computer architecture issues such as byte order, etc.

Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems.

Developed in conjunction with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode consists of a repertoire of more than 110, 000 characters covering 100 scripts, a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding methodology and set of standard character encodings, an enumeration of character properties such as upper and lower case, a set of reference data computer files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order ( for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts ).

In August 1988, Joe Becker published a draft proposal for an " international / multilingual text character encoding system, tentatively called Unicode ".

Unicode is intended to address the need for a workable, reliable world text encoding.

The accurate representation of text in web pages from different natural languages and writing systems is complicated by the details of character encoding, markup language syntax, font, and varying levels of support by web browsers.

Because of the legacy of 8-bit text representations in programming languages and operating systems and the desire to avoid burdening users with the need to understand the nuances of encoding, many text editors used by HTML authors are unable or unwilling to offer a choice of encodings when saving files to disk and often do not even allow input of characters beyond a very limited range.

For both serializations of HTML ( content-type " text / html " and content / type " application / xhtml + xml "), the Byte order mark ( BOM ) is an effective way to transmit encoding information within an HTML document.

The original presentation structure used the basic encoding rules of Abstract Syntax Notation One ( ASN. 1 ), with capabilities such as converting an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file, or serialization of objects and other data structures from and to XML.

It could only operate on a single document at a time and supported only the default text font ( 12-point Geneva, at the time ) in the MacRoman encoding, with formatting such as bold, italic and underline.

This site has the ability to process text in Unicode UTF-8 encoding.

Simply copying the decimal numbers from an electronic publication to a text file will typically result in a stream of bytes where each character ( decimal digit or space ) is encoded in one byte using the ASCII encoding.

InDesign supports Unicode character encoding and there is a special Middle East version supporting complex text layout for Arabic and Hebrew types of complex script.

the most commonly used character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when it was surpassed by UTF-8.

In the 1990s, Jürgen Schmidhuber described an algorithmic theory of beauty which takes the subjectivity of the observer into account and postulates: among several observations classified as comparable by a given subjective observer, the aesthetically most pleasing one is the one with the shortest description, given the observer ’ s previous knowledge and his particular method for encoding the data.

The encoding of data by discrete bits was used in the punched cards invented by Basile Bouchon and Jean-Baptiste Falcon ( 1732 ), developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard ( 1804 ), and later adopted by Semen Korsakov, Charles Babbage, Hermann Hollerith, and early computer manufacturers like IBM.

The proposed encoding does not use the lexical encoding model used in the existing ISO-IR / 169 registered character set, but instead applies the Unicode and ISO character-glyph model to the Bliss-character model already adopted by BCI, since this would significantly reduce the number of needed characters.

Bliss-characters can now be used in a creative way to create many new arbitrary concepts, by surrounding the invented words with special Bliss indicators ( similar to punctuation ), something which was not possible in the ISO-IR / 169 encoding.

In communications and information processing, encoding is the process by which information from a source is converted into symbols to be communicated.

) to trivial ( romance, games ) can be any kind of imaginative encoding: flowers, game cards, clothes, fans, hats, melodies, birds, etc., in which the sole requisite is the previous agreement of the meaning by both the sender and the receiver.

However, for backward compatibility with early HTML authors and browsers that ignored this restriction, raw characters and numeric character references in the 80 – 9F range are interpreted by some browsers as representing the characters mapped to bytes 80 – 9F in the Windows-1252 encoding.

* Charset sniffing – used by many browsers when character encoding metadata is not available

The gene encoding the cholera toxin is introduced into V. cholerae by horizontal gene transfer.

In a more modern context, the complex variable length encoding used by some of the typical CISC architectures makes it complicated, but still feasible, to build a superscalar implementation of a CISC programming model directly ; the in-order superscalar original Pentium and the out-of-order superscalar Cyrix 6x86 are well known examples of this.

Reading Atari 8-bit 130kB or 180kB disks was possible as well with special software, but the standard Atari 8-bit 90kB format, which used FM rather than MFM encoding, could not be handled by the 1571 hardware without modifying the drive circuitry as the control line that determines if FM or MFM encoding is used by the disc controller chip was permanently wired to ground ( MFM mode ) rather than being under software control.

This is a simple example of run-length encoding ; there are many schemes to reduce size by eliminating redundancy.

* Only encoding sounds that could be made by a single human voice.

Results from an experiment by Davachi, Mitchell, and Wagner ( 2003 ) and numerous subsequent studies ( Davachi, 2006 ) show that activation in the hippocampus during encoding is related to a subject's ability to recall prior events or later relational memories.

** either by additional attributes ( such as the " type " attribute which indicates the MIME type of the external entity, or the " charset " attribute which indicates its encoding ),

or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.

Briefly, the specification calls for picture encoding using the ISO / IEC 15444-1 " JPEG2000 " (. jp2 ) standard and use of the CIE XYZ color space at 12 bits per component encoded with a 2. 6 gamma applied at projection, and audio using the " Broadcast Wave " (. wav ) format at 24 bits and 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling, controlled by an XML-format Composition Playlist, into an MXF-compliant file at a maximum data rate of 250 Mbit / s.

It was created to extend the existing binary-coded decimal ( BCD ) interchange code, or BCDIC, which itself was devised as an efficient means of encoding the two zone and number punches on punched cards into 6 bits.

* A precisely specified encoding of the bits, so that all compliant computers would interpret bit patterns the same way.

That is, knowing Y, we can save an average of bits in encoding X compared to not knowing Y.

The bearer channel ( B ) is a standard 64 kbit / s voice channel of 8 bits sampled at 8 kHz with G. 711 encoding.

The modern-day ubiquitous x86 architecture belongs to this category as well, but octal is rarely used on this platform, although certain properties of the binary encoding of opcodes become more readily apparent when displayed in octal, e. g. the ModRM byte, which is divided into fields of 2, 3, and 3 bits, so octal can be useful in describing these encodings.

From this viewpoint, the A-law and μ-law algorithms ( G. 711 ) used in traditional PCM digital telephony can be seen as a very early precursor of speech encoding, requiring only 8 bits per sample but giving effectively 12 bits of resolution.

then we may take those and use them as bits in a binary number, i. e. with the encoding:

* Data compression, the process of encoding digital information using fewer bits

# A group of bits or characters transmitted as a unit and usually containing an encoding procedure for error control purposes.

Range coding is very similar to arithmetic encoding, except that encoding is done with digits in any base, instead of with bits, and so it is faster when using larger bases ( e. g. a byte ) at small cost in compression efficiency.

In BNPF encoding, a single byte ( 8 bits ) would be represented by a highly redundant character framing sequence starting with a single ASCII " B ", eight ASCII characters where a " 0 " would be represented by a " N " and a " 1 " would be represented by a " P ", followed by a ending ASCII " F ".

Alternative schemes were also available where " H " and " L " or " 0 " and " 1 " were also available to represent data bits, but in both of these encoding schemes, the two data-bearing ASCII characters differ in only one bit position, providing very poor single punch error detection.

Quantum communication involves encoding information in quantum states, or qubits, as opposed to classical communication's use of bits.

Double-precision floating-point is an IEEE 754 standard for encoding binary or decimal floating-point numbers in 64 bits ( 8 bytes ).

When a string is converted to arithmetic encoding, frequently used characters will be stored with fewer bits and not-so-frequently occurring characters will be stored with more bits, resulting in fewer bits used in total.

Gamma encoding of images is required to compensate for properties of human vision, to maximize the use of the bits or bandwidth relative to how humans perceive light and color.