In 1957 the social-economic approach to European integration was capped by the formation among `` the Six '' of a tariff-free European Common Market, and Euratom for cooperation in the development of atomic energy.

Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of the transition state, thereby catalyzing the formation of an otherwise less-favorable molecular intermediate between reactants and products.

This fact allowed for later energy release which leads to intermediate-sized element formation in our time.

The formation of such atomic power and the steady energy-releasing reactions in stars, also contributes to sudden energy releases, such as in novae.

Where is the internal energy of formation of the reactant molecules that can be calculated from the bond energies of the various chemical bonds of the molecules under consideration and is the internal energy of formation of the product molecules.

Indeed, the energy density of some material involved in the formation of impact craters is many times higher than that generated by high explosives.

These endosymbionts drive the amazing formation of coral reefs by capturing sunlight and providing their hosts with energy for carbonate deposition.

This process is calculated within enthalpy calculations as U + pV, to label the amount of energy or work required to " set aside space for " and " create " the system ; describing the work done by both the reaction or formation of systems, and the surroundings.

During the early formation of Christianity, church authorities ( Fathers of the Church ) exerted considerable amounts of energy attempting to weed out what were considered to be false doctrines ( e. g. Irenaeus ' On the Detection and Overthrow of False Gnosis ).

When iodine is dissolved in polar solvents which are strong donor solvents such as ketones, ethers, pyridine, the formation of charge-transfer complex leads to modification of the energy gap between the two molecular orbitals, thus different wavelengths were absorbed and iodine has different color in solvents with different polarity.

The formation of an ionic bond proceeds when the atom of an element ( usually metal ), whose ionization energy is low, releases some of its electron ( s ) to achieve a stable electron configuration and after releasing some of its electron ( s ) the atom becomes a cation.

While damage could be studied later, the energy yield of the untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the moment of detonation, using instruments dropped by parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that dropped the bomb.

The more tightly bound the nucleus, the more energy is lost during formation and this binding energy loss causes the elemental masses not to be related through simple fractions.

For example, the melting point, the first three ionization energies, and the hydration energy are greater than those of neodymium and lower than those of samarium ; similarly, the estimate for the boiling point, ionic ( Pm < sup > 3 +</ sup >) radius, and standard heat of formation of monatomic gas are greater than those of samarium and less those of neodymium.

Energy storage as a natural process is as old as the universe itself-the energy present at the initial formation of the universe has been stored in stars such as the Sun, and is now being used by humans directly ( e. g. through solar heating ), or indirectly ( e. g. by growing crops or conversion into electricity in solar cells ).

Nonetheless, both males and females put a considerable amount of energy into the formation and maintenance of the neck.

In these cases the potential energy stored in multiply charged ions ( i. e., the energy necessary to produce an ion of this charge state from its neutral atom ) is liberated when the ions recombine during impact on a solid surface ( formation of hollow atoms ).

The subject commonly includes calculations of such quantities as heat capacity, heat of combustion, heat of formation, enthalpy, entropy, free energy, and calories.

The relationship between activation energy () and enthalpy of formation ( ΔH ) with and without a catalyst, plotted against the reaction coordinate.

It appears possible to set a lower limit of about Af for the activation energy of the abstraction of a chlorine atom from a carbon tetrachloride molecule by a chlorine atom to form Af radical.

Glucose is mainly metabolized by a very important ten-step pathway called glycolysis, the net result of which is to break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ; this also produces a net two molecules of ATP, the energy currency of cells, along with two reducing equivalents in the form of converting NAD < sup >+</ sup > to NADH.

Combustion in oxygen is a chain reaction where many distinct radical intermediates participate. The high energy required for initiation is explained by the unusual structure of the dioxygen molecule.

When applied to the simplest two-electron molecule, H < sub > 2 </ sub >, valence bond theory, even at the simplest Heitler-London approach, gives a much closer approximation to the bond energy, and it provides a much more accurate representation of the behavior of the electrons as chemical bonds are formed and broken.

Since it is time-consuming to calculate the energy for a molecule, it is even more time-consuming to calculate them for the entire list of points in the Brillouin zone.

They also protect plant tissues by helping to absorb the energy from singlet oxygen, an excited form of the oxygen molecule O < sub > 2 </ sub > which is formed during photosynthesis.

The translational energy of the molecule is simply given by the kinetic energy expression:

So, substituting the angular momentum and moment of inertia into E < sub > rot </ sub >, the rotational energy levels of a diatomic molecule are given by:

In the aqueous environment of the cell, the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule, minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell and therefore, the Gibbs free energy.

When an electron in an excited molecule or atom descends to a lower energy level, it emits a photon of light equal to the energy difference.

Since the energy levels of electrons in atoms are discrete, each element and each molecule emits and absorbs its own characteristic frequencies.

A single molecule in the air has an average kinetic energy 3 / 80 eV.

Such a formula for estimating energy typically has relative error of order of 10 %, but can be used to get a rough qualitative idea and understanding of a molecule.

Each molecule of the compound dissociates into two or more new molecules ( generally gases ) with the release of energy.

Sometimes the transfer is so one-sided for a molecule near the surface that it ends up with enough energy to ' escape ' ( evaporate ).

Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures.

Liquids that do not evaporate visibly at a given temperature in a given gas ( e. g., cooking oil at room temperature ) have molecules that do not tend to transfer energy to each other in a pattern sufficient to frequently give a molecule the heat energy necessary to turn into vapor.

Long chains also yield more energy per molecule when metabolized.

Fluorescence occurs when an orbital electron of a molecule, atom or nanostructure relaxes to its ground state by emitting a photon of light after being excited to a higher quantum state by some type of energy:

Molecules that are excited through light absorption or via a different process ( e. g. as the product of a reaction ) can transfer energy to a second ' sensitized ' molecule, which is converted to its excited state and can then fluoresce.

Generally, with catenation comes the loss of the total amount of bonded hydrocarbons and an increase in the amount of energy required for bond cleavage due to strain exerted upon the molecule ; in molecules such as cyclohexane, this is referred to as ring strain, and occurs due to the " destabilized " spatial electron configuration of the atom.

Fats also serve as energy stores for the body, containing about 37. 8 kilojoules ( 9 calories ) per gram of fat.

This occurs because the " valence " band containing the highest energy electrons is full, and a large energy gap separates this band from the next band above it.

It featured two parallel lumens containing two steel coils which dissipated infiltrating noise as inaudible heat energy.

Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma ( air ) and originated in the heart.

It is because of explosive hazard that the higher energy military solid propellants containing HMX are not used in commercial launch vehicles except when the LV is an adapted ballistic missile already containing HMX propellant ( Minotaur IV and V based on the retired Peacekeeper ICBMs ).

Lower water pressures are usually needed than for most other types of systems, with the exception of low energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation systems, and the system can be designed for uniformity throughout a field or for precise water delivery to individual plants in a landscape containing a mix of plant species.

The energy content of lignite consumed in the United States averages ( 13 million BTU / ton ), on the as-received basis ( i. e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter ).

Since cnidae are " single use " cells, and this costs a lot of energy, in order to regulate discharge, cnidocytes are connected as " batteries ", containing several types of cnidocytes connected to supporting cells and neurons.

The interaction between electrons and high energy photons ( comparable to the rest energy of the electron, ) results in the electron being given part of the energy ( making it recoil ), and a photon containing the remaining energy being emitted in a different direction from the original, so that the overall momentum of the system is conserved.

In 1923, Compton published a paper in the Physical Review which explained the X-ray shift by attributing particle-like momentum to “ photons ” which Einstein had invoked the use of for his Nobel prize winning explanation of the photo-electric effect, however was first postulated ( unenthusiastically ) by Planck, these " particles " conceptualized as elements of light “ quantized ” as containing a specific amount of energy depending only on the frequency of the light.

Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma ( air ) and originated in the heart.

Taurine is regularly used as an ingredient in energy drinks, with many containing 1000 mg per serving, and some as much as 2000 mg.

As a result of not containing mitochondria, these cells use none of the oxygen they transport ; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate.

In the second step of the BO approximation the nuclear kinetic energy T < sub > n </ sub > ( containing partial derivatives with respect to the components of R ) is reintroduced and the Schrödinger equation for the nuclear motion

Molecules containing π-electrons or non-bonding electrons ( n-electrons ) can absorb the energy in the form of ultraviolet or visible light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.

They are incorporating the concepts of energy matching and proton relays to design inexpensive nickel and cobalt containing molecular complexes that catalyze that reaction.

* Wired ( energy drink ), an energy drink containing caffeine and taurine

By volume, there are about 4 trillion m³ of peat in the world covering a total of around 2 % of global land area ( about 3 million km² ), containing about 8 billion terajoules of energy.