An eminent member of this school, Georges Duby, wrote in the foreword of his book Le dimanche de Bouvines that the history he taught relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events, but strived on the contrary to pose and solve problems and, neglecting surface disturbances, to observe the long and medium-term evolution of economy, society and civilisation.

* Kuliabin A. Semine S. Some of aspects of state national economy evolution in the system of the international economic order .- USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FAR EAST DIVISION INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC & INTERNATIONAL OCEAN STUDIES Vladivostok, 1991

In Materialism and Empiriocriticism ( 1908 ), Lenin explained dialectical materialism as three axes: ( i ) the materialist inversion of Hegelian dialectics, ( ii ) the historicity of ethical principles ordered to class struggle, and ( iii ) the convergence of " laws of evolution " in physics ( Helmholtz ), biology ( Darwin ), and in political economy ( Marx ).

Accepting the existence of these two societies, the constant tension between them, and extensive geographic and social mobility tied to a market economy holds the key to a clearer understanding of the evolution of the social structure, economy, and even political system of early modern France.

Economic history examines the evolution of the economy and economic institutions, using methods and techniques from the fields of economics, history, geography, sociology, psychology, and political science.

Nevertheless, it now appears that just as evolution tends to create new genes from parts of old genes ( molecular economy ), evo-devo demonstrates that evolution alters developmental processes to create new and novel structures from the old gene networks ( such as bone structures of the jaw deviating to the ossicles of the middle ear ) or will conserve ( molecular economy ) a similar program in a host of organisms such as eye development genes in molluscs, insects, and vertebrates.

The system has allowed for a stable and orderly transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market one and for the gradual evolution of free market institutions.

* evolution from a “ wealth of nations ” model of economic life to a one-world model, and from today's inter-national economy to an ecologically sustainable, decentralising, multi-level one-world economic system

According to the ecological model, it is more appropriate to model the economy on biology ( growth, change, death, evolution, survival of the fittest, complex inter-relationships, non-linear relationships ).

The latter were reinforced in 1962 by articles and speeches by Soviet party leader Nikita Khrushchev proposing a central Comecon planning organ to implement the Basic Principles and foreseeing the evolution of a " socialist commonwealth " based on a unified regional economy.

He regarded warfare as a cultural feature of societies, subject to evolution and influenced by the economy and the political system.

He is the author of Bruits, an essay which deals with the economy of music and the importance of music in the evolution of our societies.

The evolution of this range of Research expertise has a direct bearing on new course development, on staff development and on the relevance of graduate provision to the skills needs of the Regional and National economy.

The evolving linguistic meanings reflect the early history of the growing cash economy, and the evolution of commercial trade.

In his book with Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property ( 1932 ), he detailed the evolution in the contemporary economy of big business, and argued that those who controlled big firms should be better held to account.

The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.

Seen as a key moment in the evolution of patent law, the statute has also been described as " one of the landmarks in the transition of economy from the feudal to the capitalist ".

Engels aimed to give a consistent explanation of the evolution and development of market economy from simple beginnings to the complexities of modern capitalist markets, but some argue he disregards the transformation of the relations of production involved.

Designed to " walk " the visitor through a number of galleries, individually dedicated to a specific historical period of the country, the Museo visually narrates the development of the Philippine economy, parallel to the evolution of its currency.

ecologism — ecology — economic determinism — ecological modernization — economic interdependence — economies of scale — economy — ecosystem — education — education system — egalitarianism — egalitarian ethic — egalitarian family — elder abuse — elite — embourgeoisement thesis — emergent norm theory — emigration — empirical studies — encounter — endogamy — entrepreneur — entropy — environmentalism — environmental sociology — epistemology — estate — estate system — ethnic group — ethnic minority — ethnicity — ethnocentrism — ethnography — ethnomethodology — eutrophication — evolution — evolutionary sociology — evolutionism — exclusivist — existentialism — exogamy — experiment — exponential growth — export-processing zone — extended family —

In contrast, there is convergent evolution with other groups not related due to ecological or physical drivers toward a similar solution, including analogous structures.

However, this strongly conflicts with the evidence for cosmological evolution mentioned earlier: the Universe has progressed from extremely different conditions at the Big Bang, and will continue to progress toward extremely different conditions, particularly under the rising influence of dark energy, apparently toward the Big Freeze or Big Rip.

Edward B. Tylor and Lewis H Morgan brought the term " evolution " to anthropology though they tended toward the older pre-Spencerian definition helping to form the concept of unilineal evolution used during the later part of what Trigger calls the Antiquarianism-Imperial Synthesis period ( c1770-c1900 ).

The last decades of the independent Commonwealth existence were characterized by intense reform movements and far-reaching progress in the areas of education, intellectual life, art, and especially toward the end of the period, evolution of the social and political system.

This has been said to be due to the fact that researchers in the past, such as Lamarck, viewed vertebrates as a " standard ": in Lamarck's theory of evolution, he believed that characteristics acquired through the evolutionary process involved not only survival, but also progression toward a " higher form ", to which humans and vertebrates were closer than invertebrates were.

Nineteenth-century comparative mythology reinterpreted myth as evolution toward science ( E. B. Tylor ), " disease of language " ( Max Müller ), or misinterpretation of magical ritual ( James Frazer ).

For example, the peculiar development of the works by modernist composer Arnold Schoenberg ( here an " ontogeny ") is generalized in many histories into a " phylogeny " – a historical development (" evolution ") of Western Music toward atonal styles of which Schoenberg is a representative.

Leonard Ferguson's Religionism was defined by belief in God and negative attitudes toward evolution and birth control ; Humanitarianism was related to attitudes opposing the harsh treatment of criminals, capital punishment, and war ; and Nationalism described variation in opinions on censorship, law, patriotism, and communism.

" In contrast, Dawkins affirms, evolution has no long-term plans and does not progress toward some distant goal ( such as humans ).

In recent decades economic historians, following Douglass North, have tended to move away from narrowly quantitative studies toward institutional, social, and cultural history affecting the evolution of economies.

Another conclusion ( strongly implied in the ENT episode " Dear Doctor ") is a belief that evolution has a " plan " of sorts, driving species toward purposes.

Pierce described his form of panentheism as being based on " he idea of an evolutionary universe ... with an evolution toward ever higher and higher states of self-consciousness ," and his political ideas were centered on racial purity and eugenics as the means of advancing the white race first towards a superhuman super race, and then towards a personal godhood.

According to David A. Rausch, " The name change, however, signified far more than a semantical expression — it represented an evolution in the thought processes and religious and philosophical outlook toward a more fervent expression of Jewish identity ".

Since the creation of the series Atmospheres in 2000 and Storm Stories in 2003, The Weather Channel has seen a gradual transition toward a mix of weather forecast programming and weather-related entertainment programming that paralleled the launch of sister network weatherscan, the evolution of the always on L bar | weather ticker, the development of weather. com and popular branded mobile phone applications, and the increased viewing and interest in documentary series programs on the topic of weather.

Simon Conway Morris counters this argument, arguing that convergence is a dominant force in evolution, and that, since the same environmental and physical constraints act on all life, there is an " optimum " body plan that life will inevitably evolve toward, with evolution bound to stumble upon intelligence — a trait of primates, crows, and dolphins — at some point.

Their major label debut, The Beautiful Letdown, under Columbia Records / Red Ink, represented the band's evolution from the predominantly lo-fi, indie rock sound of their early albums, toward a more layered, synth-influenced sound that helped launch the band to mainstream popularity.

The film opened to a mediocre reception, yet his performance was well-received, with the New York Daily News concluding, " Hawke – continuing an evolution toward stronger, more intense acting than anyone might've predicted from him 20 years ago – drives the movie.

The Kofun period was a critical stage in Japan's evolution toward a more cohesive and recognized state.

* Evolutionary progress, the idea that there is a largest-scale trend in evolution of organisms and that the trend is toward improvement

The movie Forbidden Planet employs many common science fiction elements, but the film carries a profound message-that the evolution of a species toward technological perfection ( in this case exemplified by the disappeared alien civilization called the " Krell ") does not ensure the loss of primitive and dangerous urges.

In 1924 the school was renamed the State Teachers College at Radford and began an evolution toward a true college.

Human preferences toward things in nature, while refined through experience and culture, are hypothetically the product of biological evolution.