We shall not be able entirely to pass over these connections to the East as we consider Ripe Geometric pottery, the epic and the myth, and the religious evolution of early Greece ; ;

A long evolution in an oral tradition caused the poetic language of the heroic age to be based upon formulas that show the important qualities of things, and these formulas are therefore potentially rather than always actually accurate.

Many Coccidiomorpha have an intermediate host as well as a primary host, and the evolution of hosts proceeded in different ways and at different times in these groups.

The availability of genome sequences provides a new opportunity for scientists to learn more about the evolution and biochemical capacity of these parasite.

A recent study suggests that there are at least two distinct genetic lineages among the blind populations, arguing that these represent a case of convergent evolution.

The theory behind these refuges is to slow the evolution of the pests ' resistance to the Bt pesticide.

It is, however, possible that these similarities resulted because of the laws of physics and chemistry, rather than universal common descent and therefore resulted in convergent evolution.

Nonetheless, immigrants, Arabic-speaking or otherwise, played a significant role, along with Islam, in the formation and early evolution of these states.

The first of these is the appearance of bark-bearing trees ( and in particular the evolution of the bark fiber lignin ).

( As a result, to disprove evolution, most or all of these independent lines of evidence would have to be found to be in error.

Haeckel postulated that evidence of human evolution would be found in the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ), and described these theoretical remains in great detail.

In addition, these insect symbionts have similar patterns of genome evolution to those found in true organelles: genome reduction, rapid rates of gene evolution, and bias in nucleotide base composition favoring adenine and thymine, at the expense of guanine and cytosine.

It is thought these kinds of events may be quite common in the evolution of large galaxies.

Because many of these reservoirs are found in sedimentary basins, they study the formation of these basins, as well as their sedimentary and tectonic evolution and the present-day positions of the rock units.

Hence interactions between these galaxies are relatively frequent, and play an important role in their evolution.

Given these, a new term Anthropocene, is specifically proposed and used informally for the latest part of this epoch since approximately synchronous lithospheric evidence, or more recently atmospheric evidence, of human impacts have been found on the Earth and its ecosystems ; these impacts may be considered of global significance for future evolution of living species.

It is characteristic of early literature that the evolution of the thought, or the grammatical form of the sentence, is guided by the structure of the verse ; and the correspondence which consequently obtains between the rhythm and the syntax — the thought being given out in lengths, as it were, and these again divided by tolerably uniform pauses — produces a swift flowing movement such as is rarely found when periods are constructed without direct reference to the metre.

Taken together, these emphasize the paramount significance of the Mount Carmel caves for the study of human cultural and biological evolution within the framework of palaeo-ecological changes.

Accepting the existence of these two societies, the constant tension between them, and extensive geographic and social mobility tied to a market economy holds the key to a clearer understanding of the evolution of the social structure, economy, and even political system of early modern France.

While these theories were espoused by Charles Darwin and many of his students, their application as applied in Social Darwinism and General Evolution characterized in the theories of Spencer and White, historicism was neither anti-selection, nor anti-evolution, as Darwin never attempted nor offered an explanation for cultural evolution.

In 1981, Ariel Roth, in defense of the creation science position in the trial McLean v. Arkansas, said of " complex integrated structures " that " This system would not be functional until all the parts were there ... How did these parts survive during evolution ...?

In response to these criticisms, proponents such as Tim Dinsdale, Peter Scott and Roy Mackal postulate a trapped marine creature that evolved either from a plesiosaur or to the shape of a plesiosaur by convergent evolution.

Although in some cases actinofibrils ( internal structural fibres ) in the wing membrane have been mistaken for pycnofibres or true hair, some fossils such as those of Sordes pilosus ( which translates as " hairy demon ") and Jeholopterus ninchengensis do show the unmistakable imprints of pycnofibres on the head and body, not unlike modern-day bats, another example of convergent evolution.

The wing is a classic example of convergent evolution in action.

Its anatomy typifies the tendency of bird evolution on oceanic islands, with few predators and abundant food: a generally robust physique, with accretion of thermodynamic efficiency at the expense of flight abilities, reduced wing muscles, and a diminished keel on the sternum.

Thus, in the evolution of the complex pigmentation phenotype, the yellow pigment gene evolved enhancers responsive to the wingless signal and wingless expression evolved at new locations to produce novel wing patterns.

Another player in the continuing evolution of the Rogallo wing hang glider was Australian inventor John Dickenson, who in 1963 set to build a controllable water skiing kite / glider.

This book by Ramm was influential in the formation of another alternative to gap creationism, that of progressive creationism, which found favour with more conservative members of the American Scientific Affiliation ( a fellowship of scientists who are Christians ), with the more modernist wing of that fellowship favouring theistic evolution.

Determining what part of the butterfly genome controls wing color and pattern is also a major component that must be taken into account when trying to understand the evolution of mimicry.

For example, some might call the modification of the vertebrate limb to become a wing in bats and birds to be an example of parallel evolution.

Ward and Brownlee are open to the idea of evolution on other planets which is not based on essential Earth-like characteristics ( such as DNA and carbon ).

This has been said to be due to the fact that researchers in the past, such as Lamarck, viewed vertebrates as a " standard ": in Lamarck's theory of evolution, he believed that characteristics acquired through the evolutionary process involved not only survival, but also progression toward a " higher form ", to which humans and vertebrates were closer than invertebrates were.

In practice, writers on evolution often speak of species as " developing " traits or characteristics.

Palaeontology also has some overlap with archaeology, which primarily works with objects made by humans and with human remains, while palaeontologists are interested in the characteristics and evolution of humans as organisms.

Bennett only recovered pterosaurs as close relatives of the prolacertiformes after removing characteristics of the hind limb from his analysis, in an attempt to test the idea that these characters are the result of convergent evolution between pterosaurs and dinosaurs.

Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits ( e. g., anatomical or molecular characteristics ) and the distribution of organisms ( biogeography ).

The idea behind this GA evolution proposed by Emanuel Falkenauer is that solving some complex problems, a. k. a. clustering or partitioning problems where a set of items must be split into disjoint group of items in an optimal way, would better be achieved by making characteristics of the groups of items equivalent to genes.

Neo-Darwinism is the ' modern synthesis ' of Darwinian evolution through natural selection with Mendelian genetics, the latter being a set of primary tenets specifying that evolution involves the transmission of characteristics from parent to child through the mechanism of genetic transfer, rather than the ' blending process ' of pre-Mendelian evolutionary science.

The term was first used in 1895 to explain that evolution occurs solely through natural selection, in other words, without any mechanism involving the inheritance of acquired characteristics resulting from use or disuse.

Parasitism is part of one explanation for the evolution of secondary sex characteristics seen in breeding males throughout the animal world, such as the plumage of male peacocks and manes of male lions.

* 1809 — Lamarck proposed a modern theory of evolution based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Work concerning female behavior in many species of animals has sought to confirm Darwin ’ s basic idea of female preference for males with certain characteristics as a major force in the evolution of species.

Gee also stated that, while purely aquatic mammals such as whales show strong skeletal evidence of adaptation to water, humans and human fossils lack such adaptations ( a comment made by others as well ); that there are many hypothetical and equally plausible scenarios explaining the unique characteristics of human adaptation without involving an aquatic phase of evolution ; and that proponents are basing arguments about past adaptations on present physiology, when humans are not significantly aquatic.

… By kin selection I mean the evolution of characteristics which favour the survival of close relatives of the affected individual, by processes which do not require any discontinuities in the population breeding structure.

Evolutionary relay describes how independent species acquire similar characteristics through their evolution in similar ecosystems at different times — for example the dorsal fins of extinct ichthyosaurs and sharks.

Parallel evolution occurs when two independent species evolve together at the same time in the same ecospace and acquire similar characteristics — for instance extinct browsing-horses and paleotheres.

Similar to convergent evolution, evolutionary relay describes how independent species acquire similar characteristics through their evolution in similar ecosystems, but not at the same time ( dorsal fins of sharks and ichthyosaurs ).

Man himself was, according to Bolk, a typical case of evolution by retention of juvenile characteristics ( neoteny ).

As did Henry Fairfield Osborn ( 1896 / A mode of evolution requiring neither natural selection nor the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Lamarck's contribution to evolutionary theory consisted of the first truly cohesive theory of evolution, in which an alchemical complexifying force drove organisms up a ladder of complexity, and a second environmental force adapted them to local environments through use and disuse of characteristics, differentiating them from other organisms.

While this assumption is applicable to the evolution of living creatures, it is not always true of manuscript traditions, since a scribe can work from two different manuscripts at once, producing a new copy with characteristics of both.

The study of the evolution of these baroclinic instabilities as they grow and then decay is a crucial part of developing theories for the fundamental characteristics of midlatitude weather.

In the 2000s, some of the active topics have been the role of gene duplication in the emergence of novel gene function, the extent of adaptive molecular evolution versus neutral processes of mutation and drift, and the identification of molecular changes responsible for various human characteristics especially those pertaining to infection, disease, and cognition.