The existence of the electroweak interactions was experimentally established in two stages, the first being the discovery of neutral currents in neutrino scattering by the Gargamelle collaboration in 1973, and the second in 1983 by the UA1 and the UA2 collaborations that involved the discovery of the W and Z gauge bosons in proton – antiproton collisions at the converted Super Proton Synchrotron.

The first detection of tau neutrino interactions was announced in summer of 2000 by the DONUT collaboration at Fermilab, making it the latest particle of the Standard Model to have been directly observed ; its existence had already been inferred by both theoretical consistency and experimental data from the Large Electron – Positron Collider.

Although individual experiments, such as the set of solar neutrino experiments, are consistent with non-oscillatory mechanisms of neutrino flavor conversion, taken altogether, neutrino experiments imply the existence of neutrino oscillations.

It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries ( such as supersymmetry ) in an attempt to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations.

* 2001 The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory ( Canada ) confirms the existence of neutrino oscillations.

Less than 1 % of the current contents of the universe is in neutrinos, but WMAP's measurements have found, for the first time in 2008, that the data prefers the existence of a cosmic neutrino background with an effective number of neutrino flavors of 4. 4 ± 1. 5, consistent with the expectation of 3. 06.

* 1955 – Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines confirm the existence of the neutrino in the neutrino experiment

The simplest version, type 1, extends the Standard Model by assuming two or more additional right-handed neutrino fields, and the existence of a very large mass scale.

More advanced analyses of their data are currently being undertaken by the MiniBooNE collaboration ; early indications are pointing towards the existence of the sterile neutrino, an effect interpreted by some physicists to be hinting of the existence of the bulk or Lorentz violation.

It presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry, contained a clear statement of the law of of mass, and denied the existence of phlogiston.

In 1931 Lemaître went further and suggested that the evident expansion of the universe, if projected back in time, meant that the further in the past the smaller the universe was, until at some finite time in the past all the mass of the Universe was concentrated into a single point, a " primeval atom " where and when the fabric of time and space came into existence.

* Yang – Mills existence and mass gap

Dark matter's existence is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter and gravitational lensing of background radiation, and was originally hypothesized to account for discrepancies between calculations of the mass of galaxies, clusters of galaxies and the entire universe made through dynamical and general relativistic means, and calculations based on the mass of the visible " luminous " matter these objects contain: stars and the gas and dust of the interstellar and intergalactic medium.

Under the special theory of relativity, a particle ( that has rest mass ) with subluminal velocity needs infinite energy to accelerate to the speed of light, although special relativity does not forbid the existence of particles that travel faster than light at all times ( tachyons ).

* Curvature of spacetime is a relativistic manifestation of the existence of mass.

From theoretical considerations, Hideki Yukawa in 1934 predicted the existence and the approximate mass of the " meson " as the carrier of the nuclear force that holds atomic nuclei together.

It has been suggested to have a transitory existence in nuclear reactions produced by helions that result in the formation of a proton and a nucleus having the same atomic number as the target nucleus but a mass number two units greater.

Marx argued that the material productive forces ( in industry and commerce ) brought into existence by capitalism predicated a cooperative society since production had become a mass social, collective activity of the working class to create commodities but with private ownership ( the relations of production or property relations ).

In practice, due to the existence of isotopes, molar masses are used instead when calculating the mass ratio.

However, this shall be achieved personally by each individual, who must ' absorb the great mass of material offered to him by the world around him and by his inner existence, using all the possibilities of his receptiveness ; he must then reshape that material with all the energies of his own activity and appropriate it to himself so as to create an interaction between his own personality and nature in a most general, active and harmonious form ' ( GS, II, p. 117 ).

While Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable in both directions, their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes created by holding the ' throat ' of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with exotic matter ( material that has negative mass / energy ).

This fear reached a crescendo with the 2002 Iraq disarmament crisis and the alleged existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq that became the primary justification for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

The existence of the centuries-old Serb or Serbian diaspora in countries such as Austria, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Russia, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey and Ukraine, is the result of historical circumstances – the migrations to the North and the East, due to the Turkish conquests of the Balkans and as a result of politics, especially when the Communist Party came into power, but even more when the communist state of Yugoslavia collapsed into inter-ethnic conflict, resulting in mass expulsions of people as refugees of war.

Critics also worry that the existence of lower-yield nuclear weapons for relatively limited tactical purposes will lower the threshold for their actual use, thus blurring the sharp line between conventional weapons intended for use and weapons of mass destruction intended only for hypothetical deterrence and increasing the risk of escalation to higher-yield nuclear weapons.

The Defense Intelligence Agency has conflicted with the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) in collection and analysis on the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and has often represented the Pentagon in the CIA-DoD intelligence rivalry due to DIA's alleged clandestine HUMINT collection and often overlapping analysis products.

On July 2, 2012, two days before a scheduled announcement at the Large Hadron Collider ( LHC ), scientists at the Tevatron collider from the CDF and DØ collaborations announced their findings from the analysis of around 500 trillion collisions produced since 2001: They found that the existence of the Higgs boson was likely with a mass in the region of 115 to 135 GeV.

Only when the scientists from the Large Hadron Collider announced the more precise LHC results on July 4, 2012, with a mass of 125. 3 ± 0. 4 ( CMS ) or 126 ± 0. 4 ( ATLAS ) respectively, was there strong evidence through consistent measurements by the LHC and the Tevatron for the possible existence of a Higgs particle at that mass range.

The first songs traditionally referred to as bard songs are thought to be written in late 1930s and early 1940s, and the very existence of the genre is traditionally originated from the amateur activities of the Soviet intelligentsia, namely mass backpacking movement and the students ' song movement of 1950s and 1960s.

Despite the ideologic promise of industrialisation — that the mechanisation of industrial production would raise the mass of the workers, from a brutish life of subsistence existence, to the self-respect of honourable work — the division of labour inherent to the capitalist mode of production, thwarted the human nature ( Gattungswesen ) of the worker, and so rendered each man and woman into a mechanistic part of an industrialised system of production, from being a person capable of defining his and her value through direct, purposeful activity.

The Great Attractor is a gravity anomaly in intergalactic space within the range of the Centaurus Supercluster that reveals the existence of a localized concentration of mass equivalent to tens of thousands of Milky Ways, observable by its effect on the motion of galaxies and their associated clusters over a region hundreds of millions of light years across.

At the time the Futurians were formed, Donald Wollheim was strongly attracted by communism and believed that followers of science fiction " should actively work for the realization of the scientific world-state as the only genuine justification for their activities and existence ".

Some groups were indeed libertine because they considered bodily existence meaningless ; others praise chastity, and strongly prohibited any sexual activity, even within marriage.

The Barcid Empire was strongly influenced by the Hellenistic kingdoms of the time and for example, contrary to Carthage, it minted silver coins in its short time of existence.

A pioneer of nominalism, some consider him the father of modern epistemology, because of his strongly argued position that only individuals exist, rather than supra-individual universals, essences, or forms, and that universals are the products of abstraction from individuals by the human mind and have no extra-mental existence.

Although industry has developed strongly, it retains weak points due to the existence of only a few large businesses alongside a huge fabric of small and medium-sized businesses.

The town grew quickly through the 19th century as Fort Clark grew, but the town's existence remained very strongly tied to Fort Clark's fortunes.

The properties of preon-degenerate matter depend very strongly on the model chosen to describe preons, and the existence of preons is not assumed by the majority of the scientific community, due to conflicts between the preon models originally proposed and experimental data from particle accelerators.

The new party was strongly opposed to partition but accepted the de-facto existence of the Irish Free State.

In contrast to Twin Oaks, Los Horcones " has remained strongly committed to an experimental science of human behavior and has described itself as the only true Walden Two community in existence.

Although Aristotle strongly rejected the independent existence Plato attributed to forms, his metaphysics do agree with Plato's a priori considerations quite often.

The emphasis on territory and sphere of influence is consistent with former EIC policies in India and elsewhere, but even as the four-years long negotiations went on, the existence of Singapore strongly started to favor the new independent merchants and their houses.

At the outset of WCW's existence, as well as with the promotions that came before it, the company was strongly identified with the Southern style of professional wrestling ( or rasslin '), which emphasized athletic in-ring competition over the showmanship and cartoonish characters of the WWF.

As a Catholic missionary, Ricci strongly criticized the " recondite science " of geomancy along with astrology as yet another superstitio absurdissima of the heathens: " What could be more absurd than their imagining that the safety of a family, honors, and their entire existence must depend upon such trifles as a door being opened from one side or another, as rain falling into a courtyard from the right or from the left, a window opened here or there, or one roof being higher than another?

Secondly, they may be due to the existence of some locally appropriate response pattern that is strongly primed by its prior usage, recent activation or emotional change or by the situation calling conditions.

In these he strongly affirmed the existence of original sin, the need for infant baptism, the impossibility of a sinless life without Christ, and the necessity of Christ's grace.

He states the various proofs for the existence of an immaterial, infinite, supreme Being, asserts that this Being is the author of the visible universe, and strongly defends the doctrine of the foreknowledge and particular providence of God.

The assumption of the existence of a strongly inaccessible cardinal is sometimes applied in the form of the assumption that one can work inside a Grothendieck universe, the two ideas being intimately connected.

The IWW strongly opposed the 1917-18 war effort and was shut down by the federal government ( with a tiny remnant still in existence ).

On accepting the honour he spoke in favour of Israel's existence, security, and freedoms while strongly attacking Hamas, as well as Israel's policies in Gaza, and the expansion of settlements, notable as the audience included political leaders such as Israeli President Shimon Peres and Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat.

Both Luther and the elector's chancellor, Gregor Brück, though convinced of the existence of the conspiracy, counseled strongly against acting on the offensive.

Traditionally a practical centrist party, in its later years it drifted to the right, becoming increasingly associated with Israeli settlers, and towards the end of its existence was part of a political alliance with the strongly right-wing National Union.

Both fatalism and predeterminism, by referring to the personal " fate " or to " predetermined events " strongly imply the existence of a someone or something that has done the " predetermining.

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, Elysium, or more fully, the Blessed Fields of Elysium, is a strongly good-aligned plane of existence.