Proclus introduces Euclid only briefly in his fifth-century Commentary on the Elements, as the author of Elements, that he was mentioned by Archimedes, and that when King Ptolemy asked if there was a shorter path to learning geometry than Euclid's Elements, " Euclid replied there is no royal road to geometry.

This account now is thought by some historians to be mostly legendary, although essentially the underlying story of a rebelling mercenary force may be accurate, and the date for the founding of the kingdom of Kent is thought to be approximately the middle of the fifth-century, in agreement with the legend.

Chinese astronomers, many of them brilliant men by any standards, continued to think in flat-earth terms until the seventeenth century ; this surprising fact might be the starting-point for a re-examination of the apparent facility with which the idea of a spherical earth found acceptance in fifth-century B. C.

Embedded in Greek myth, there remain fragments of quite variant tales, hinting at the rich variety of myth that once existed, city by city ; but Hesiod's retelling of the old stories became, according to the fifth-century historian Herodotus, the accepted version that linked all Hellenes.

" Both were motherless, and reinforced via opposite means the civic ideologies of patriarchy and the " highly gendered social and political realities of fifth-century Athens "-Athena by rising above her sex to defend it, and Pandora by embodying the need for it.

Lipara, Asterope and Chrysothemis are named in a Hesperide scene of the apotheosis of Heracles ( romanised to Hercules ) on a late fifth-century hydria by the Meidias Painter in London They are sometimes called the Western Maidens, the Daughters of Evening or Erythrai, and the " Sunset Goddesses ", designations all apparently tied to their imagined location in the distant west.

Riddles occur extensively in Old English poetry, drawing partly on an Anglo-Latin literary tradition whose principal exponent was Aldhelm ( c. 639-709 ), himself inspired by the fourth-or fifth-century Latin poet Symphosius.

In time, the fifth-century BC Indian rhinoplasty technique — featuring a free-flap graft — was ( re ) discovered by Western medicine in the eighteenth century, during the Third Anglo – Mysore War ( 1789 – 1792 ) of colonial annexation, by the British against Tipu Sultan, when the East India Company surgeons Thomas Cruso and James Findlay witnessed Indian rhinoplasty procedures at the British Residency in Poona.

Walter Horn suggests that the earliest coenobitic communities, which were established in Egypt by Saint Pachomius, did not result in cloister construction, as there were no lay serfs attached to the community of monks, thus no separation within the walled community was required ; Horn finds the earliest prototypical cloisters in some exceptional late fifth-century monastic churches in southern Syria, such as the Convent of Saints Sergios and Bacchos, at Umm-is-Surab ( AD 489 ), and the colonnaded forecourt of the convent of Id-Dêr, but nothing similar appeared in the semieremitic Irish monasteries ' clustered roundhouses nor in the earliest Benedictine collective communities of the West.

When in Nonnus ' fourth-or fifth-century CE Dionysiaca the vast monster Typhon boasts that he will bathe in " starry Eridanus ", it is hyperbole, for the constellation Eridanus, represented as a river, was one of the 48 constellations listed by the second-century astronomer Ptolemy ; it remains one of the 88 modern constellations.

The treatise may be considered " the first attempt at general epistemology bequeathed to us by antiquity ," although this may only be because we have lost fifth-century rhetorical works that took a similar approach.

Under the Roman dominion, Aegilium Insula or Igillia Insula it was an important base in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and was cited briefly by Julius Caesar in his De Bello Civili, by Pliny, by Pomponius Mela, and by the fifth-century AD poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, who celebrated Igilium's successful repulse of the Getae and safe harbor for Romans, in a time when Igilium's slopes were still wooded:

The Dharmaguptaka Vinaya was translated into Chinese by Buddhayaśas in the early fifth-century, and thereafter became the predominant vinaya in Chinese Buddhist monasticism.

It was the location of a Saxon Shore fort, and, according to a fifth-century source was garrisoned by a regiment originally raised in Tournai in northern Gaul.

However for a generation in the second quarter of the fifth-century BC there was a movement, called the " new painting " and led by Polygnotus, for very large painted friezes, apparently painted on wood, decorating the interiors of public buildings with very large and complicated subjects containing numerous figures at at least half life-size, and including battle scenes.

Manuscripts of Pseudo-Apuleius's fifth-century work from the tenth and eleventh centuries refer to the use of wild poppy Papaver agreste or Papaver rhoeas ( identified as Papaver silvaticum ) instead of Papaver somniferum for inducing sleep and relieving pain.

Regardless of his sometimes very sophisticated literary devices, Hydatius ' chronicle is an essential source of information for reconstructing the course of fifth-century events.

That the depredations of the ruling classes were mostly responsible for the uprising of the bagaudae was not lost on the fifth-century writer of historicised polemic, Salvian ; setting himself in the treatise De gubernatione Dei the task of proving God's constant guidance, he declares in book iii that the misery of the Roman world is all due to the neglect of God's commandments and the terrible sins of every class of society.

Namely the pluralism of ideals in the fifth-century polis, whereby the audience can still understand Ajax's motives and admire him for committing suicide to retain his honour and the fixed views he has of the world and human relationships which are part of the Homeric world.

Given the sparsity of any documentation for fifth-century Ireland, it is not surprising that there is no proof that St. Patrick ever visited Lough Derg.

Following the fashions, originally developed in Hellenistic Alexandria, for rationalized glosses on the archaic myths and for allegorical interpretations, the fifth-century court poet of emperor Honorius, Claudian, composed a Gigantomachia, that viewed Gigantomachy as a metaphor for catastrophic geomorphic change: " The puissant company of the giants confounds all differences between things ; islands abandon the deep ; mountains lie hidden in the sea.

In describing an unusual miniature fifth-century Greek bronze in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, that takes the form of a man on all fours with the foreparts of a pig, Dorothy Kent Hill expressed the artist's dilemma: how could an artist depict a man bewitched into a pig other than as a man with a pig's head?

In fifth-century Athens, Pandora made a prominent appearance in what, at first, appears an unexpected context, in a marble relief or bronze appliqués as a frieze along the base of the Athena Parthenos, the culminating experience on the Acropolis.

The city was originally located on the mainland, but probably during the early fifth-century Ionian Revolt from the Persians, it was moved to an island just off the coast, which Alexander the Great eventually connected to the mainland with a causeway.

The Roman martyrology lists only seven who died on days other than February 14: a priest from Viterbo ( November 3 ); a bishop from Raetia who died in about 450 ( January 7 ); a fifth-century priest and hermit ( July 4 ); a Spanish hermit who died in about 715 ( October 25 ); Valentine Berrio Ochoa, martyred in 1861 ( November 24 ); and Valentine Jaunzarás Gómez, martyred in 1936 ( September 18 ).

The reliquary is a fifth-century roman head, possibly the head on an emperor, mounted on a wooden core covered with gold plating.

The Panhellenion was part of this philhellenism, and was set up, with Athens at the centre, to try to recreate the apparent " unified Greece " of the fifth-century, when the Greeks took on the Persian enemy.

Chandragupt gave up his throne in 298 BCE, when he was 42 years old, and became an ascetic under the Jain saint Acharya Bhadrabahu, migrating south with them and ending his days in " sallekhana " at Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa in present day Karnataka, though fifth-century inscriptions in the area support the concept of a larger southern migration around that time.

The tale behind the bridle of Constantine originates with the fifth-century Church historian of Constantinople, Socrates of Constantinople, in his Ecclesiastical History, which was finished shortly after 439.

The shrine of Dodona was the oldest Hellenic oracle, according to the fifth-century historian Herodotus and in fact, dates to pre-Hellenic times, perhaps as early as the second millennium BC when the tradition probably spread from Egypt.

A fermented fish sauce called garum was a staple of Greco-Roman cuisine and of the Mediterranean economy of the Roman Empire, as the first-century encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder writes in Historia Naturalis and the fourth / fifth-century connoisseur Apicius relates in his collection of recipes.

It was through this position that Pericles shaped fifth-century Athens.

The practice was recognised in the hagiography of fifth-century Byzantium, and it was extensively adopted in Muscovite Russia, probably in the 14th century.

The Tungri were mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum, an early fifth-century document, in which was transcribed every military and governmental post in the late Roman Empire.

In some ancient synagogues, such as the fifth-century synagogue in Susia, the Torah scroll was not placed inside the synagogue at all, but in a room adjacent to it, showing that the sacredness of the synagogue does not come from the ark but from its being a house of prayer.

The army of Justinian I was the result of fifth-century reorganizations to meet growing threats to the empire, the most serious from the expanding Persian empire.

It is a matter of trying to sort out an earlier fourth-century Saxon element from the later, fifth-century mainstream of Anglo-Saxon invasions.

That manuscript is now thought to be a 1520 creation from the Latin Vulgate, which likely got the verses from a fifth-century marginal gloss in a Latin copy of I John.

The fifth-century king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to erect a memorial to 3, 000 nobles slain in battle against the Saxons and buried at Salisbury, and at Merlin's advice chose Stonehenge.

Environmental determinism's origins go back to antiquity, where it is first encountered in a fifth-century medical treatise ascribed to Hippocrates: Airs, Waters, Places.

Sidonius is " the single most important surviving author from fifth-century Gaul " according to Eric Goldberg.

Hydatius ' main concern throughout is to show the dissolution of civil society in the western Roman empire and in Hispania in particular, and he paints a very dark picture of fifth-century life.