" Both were motherless, and reinforced via opposite means the civic ideologies of patriarchy and the " highly gendered social and political realities of fifth-century Athens "-Athena by rising above her sex to defend it, and Pandora by embodying the need for it.

It was through this position that Pericles shaped fifth-century Athens.

The Panhellenion was part of this philhellenism, and was set up, with Athens at the centre, to try to recreate the apparent " unified Greece " of the fifth-century, when the Greeks took on the Persian enemy.

Embedded in Greek myth, there remain fragments of quite variant tales, hinting at the rich variety of myth that once existed, city by city ; but Hesiod's retelling of the old stories became, according to the fifth-century historian Herodotus, the accepted version that linked all Hellenes.

The fifth-century king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to erect a memorial to 3, 000 nobles slain in battle against the Saxons and buried at Salisbury, and at Merlin's advice chose Stonehenge.

Chandragupt gave up his throne in 298 BCE, when he was 42 years old, and became an ascetic under the Jain saint Acharya Bhadrabahu, migrating south with them and ending his days in " sallekhana " at Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa in present day Karnataka, though fifth-century inscriptions in the area support the concept of a larger southern migration around that time.

In time, the fifth-century BC Indian rhinoplasty technique — featuring a free-flap graft — was ( re ) discovered by Western medicine in the eighteenth century, during the Third Anglo – Mysore War ( 1789 – 1792 ) of colonial annexation, by the British against Tipu Sultan, when the East India Company surgeons Thomas Cruso and James Findlay witnessed Indian rhinoplasty procedures at the British Residency in Poona.

Walter Horn suggests that the earliest coenobitic communities, which were established in Egypt by Saint Pachomius, did not result in cloister construction, as there were no lay serfs attached to the community of monks, thus no separation within the walled community was required ; Horn finds the earliest prototypical cloisters in some exceptional late fifth-century monastic churches in southern Syria, such as the Convent of Saints Sergios and Bacchos, at Umm-is-Surab ( AD 489 ), and the colonnaded forecourt of the convent of Id-Dêr, but nothing similar appeared in the semieremitic Irish monasteries ' clustered roundhouses nor in the earliest Benedictine collective communities of the West.

The treatise may be considered " the first attempt at general epistemology bequeathed to us by antiquity ," although this may only be because we have lost fifth-century rhetorical works that took a similar approach.

In some ancient synagogues, such as the fifth-century synagogue in Susia, the Torah scroll was not placed inside the synagogue at all, but in a room adjacent to it, showing that the sacredness of the synagogue does not come from the ark but from its being a house of prayer.

Mount Nebo ( Jordan ) fifth-century monastery Prosphora inscription in Greek language | Greek: " Offering of Caesarios, at the time of Alexios and Theophilos, priests "

However for a generation in the second quarter of the fifth-century BC there was a movement, called the " new painting " and led by Polygnotus, for very large painted friezes, apparently painted on wood, decorating the interiors of public buildings with very large and complicated subjects containing numerous figures at at least half life-size, and including battle scenes.

Environmental determinism's origins go back to antiquity, where it is first encountered in a fifth-century medical treatise ascribed to Hippocrates: Airs, Waters, Places.

In describing an unusual miniature fifth-century Greek bronze in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, that takes the form of a man on all fours with the foreparts of a pig, Dorothy Kent Hill expressed the artist's dilemma: how could an artist depict a man bewitched into a pig other than as a man with a pig's head?

Under the Roman dominion, Aegilium Insula or Igillia Insula it was an important base in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and was cited briefly by Julius Caesar in his De Bello Civili, by Pliny, by Pomponius Mela, and by the fifth-century AD poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, who celebrated Igilium's successful repulse of the Getae and safe harbor for Romans, in a time when Igilium's slopes were still wooded:

The fifth-century pagan Zosimus, by contrast, praised Diocletian for keeping troops on the borders, rather than keeping them in the cities, as Constantine was held to have done.

Proclus introduces Euclid only briefly in his fifth-century Commentary on the Elements, as the author of Elements, that he was mentioned by Archimedes, and that when King Ptolemy asked if there was a shorter path to learning geometry than Euclid's Elements, " Euclid replied there is no royal road to geometry.

Lipara, Asterope and Chrysothemis are named in a Hesperide scene of the apotheosis of Heracles ( romanised to Hercules ) on a late fifth-century hydria by the Meidias Painter in London They are sometimes called the Western Maidens, the Daughters of Evening or Erythrai, and the " Sunset Goddesses ", designations all apparently tied to their imagined location in the distant west.

The city was originally located on the mainland, but probably during the early fifth-century Ionian Revolt from the Persians, it was moved to an island just off the coast, which Alexander the Great eventually connected to the mainland with a causeway.

The Roman martyrology lists only seven who died on days other than February 14: a priest from Viterbo ( November 3 ); a bishop from Raetia who died in about 450 ( January 7 ); a fifth-century priest and hermit ( July 4 ); a Spanish hermit who died in about 715 ( October 25 ); Valentine Berrio Ochoa, martyred in 1861 ( November 24 ); and Valentine Jaunzarás Gómez, martyred in 1936 ( September 18 ).

That the depredations of the ruling classes were mostly responsible for the uprising of the bagaudae was not lost on the fifth-century writer of historicised polemic, Salvian ; setting himself in the treatise De gubernatione Dei the task of proving God's constant guidance, he declares in book iii that the misery of the Roman world is all due to the neglect of God's commandments and the terrible sins of every class of society.

The reliquary is a fifth-century roman head, possibly the head on an emperor, mounted on a wooden core covered with gold plating.

Riddles occur extensively in Old English poetry, drawing partly on an Anglo-Latin literary tradition whose principal exponent was Aldhelm ( c. 639-709 ), himself inspired by the fourth-or fifth-century Latin poet Symphosius.

Following the fashions, originally developed in Hellenistic Alexandria, for rationalized glosses on the archaic myths and for allegorical interpretations, the fifth-century court poet of emperor Honorius, Claudian, composed a Gigantomachia, that viewed Gigantomachy as a metaphor for catastrophic geomorphic change: " The puissant company of the giants confounds all differences between things ; islands abandon the deep ; mountains lie hidden in the sea.

It is a matter of trying to sort out an earlier fourth-century Saxon element from the later, fifth-century mainstream of Anglo-Saxon invasions.

This account now is thought by some historians to be mostly legendary, although essentially the underlying story of a rebelling mercenary force may be accurate, and the date for the founding of the kingdom of Kent is thought to be approximately the middle of the fifth-century, in agreement with the legend.

That manuscript is now thought to be a 1520 creation from the Latin Vulgate, which likely got the verses from a fifth-century marginal gloss in a Latin copy of I John.

Chinese astronomers, many of them brilliant men by any standards, continued to think in flat-earth terms until the seventeenth century ; this surprising fact might be the starting-point for a re-examination of the apparent facility with which the idea of a spherical earth found acceptance in fifth-century B. C.

The shrine of Dodona was the oldest Hellenic oracle, according to the fifth-century historian Herodotus and in fact, dates to pre-Hellenic times, perhaps as early as the second millennium BC when the tradition probably spread from Egypt.

Manuscripts of Pseudo-Apuleius's fifth-century work from the tenth and eleventh centuries refer to the use of wild poppy Papaver agreste or Papaver rhoeas ( identified as Papaver silvaticum ) instead of Papaver somniferum for inducing sleep and relieving pain.

A fermented fish sauce called garum was a staple of Greco-Roman cuisine and of the Mediterranean economy of the Roman Empire, as the first-century encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder writes in Historia Naturalis and the fourth / fifth-century connoisseur Apicius relates in his collection of recipes.

Sidonius is " the single most important surviving author from fifth-century Gaul " according to Eric Goldberg.

Hydatius ' main concern throughout is to show the dissolution of civil society in the western Roman empire and in Hispania in particular, and he paints a very dark picture of fifth-century life.

Regardless of his sometimes very sophisticated literary devices, Hydatius ' chronicle is an essential source of information for reconstructing the course of fifth-century events.

If the death of Epaminondas in 362 BC freed Athens from fear of Thebes, it appears at the same time to have exposed it to further aggression from Alexander of Pherae, who made a piratical raid on Tinos and other cities of the Cyclades, plundering them, and making slaves of the inhabitants.

Anacharsis (; ) was a Scythian philosopher who travelled from his homeland on the northern shores of the Black Sea to Athens in the early 6th century BC and made a great impression as a forthright, outspoken " barbarian ", apparently a forerunner of the Cynics, though none of his works have survived.

These speculations made him vulnerable in Athens to a charge of impiety.

In 1592, he was commissioned to write a tract in response to the Jesuit Robert Parson's anti-government polemic, which he titled Certain observations made upon a libel, identifying England with the ideals of democratic Athens against the belligerence of Spain.

While at Athens, he developed a close friendship with his fellow student Basil of Caesarea and also made the acquaintance of Flavius Claudius Julianus, who would later become the emperor known as Julian the Apostate.

Kyrgyz consular representation in Greece is made by the Kazakh consulate in Athens.

Pope John VIII: John, of English extraction, was born at Mentz ( Mainz ) and is said to have arrived at Popedom by evil art ; for disguising herself like a man, whereas she was a woman, she went when young with her paramour, a learned man, to Athens, and made such progress in learning under the professors there that, coming to Rome, she met with few that could equal, much less go beyond her, even in the knowledge of the scriptures ; and by her learned and ingenious readings and disputations, she acquired so great respect and authority that upon the death of Pope Leo IV ( as Martin says ) by common consent she was chosen Pope in his room.

The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society ; the conflict between democratic Athens and oligarchic Sparta, each of which supported friendly political factions within other states, made civil war a common occurrence in the Greek world.

As the preeminent Athenian historian, Thucydides, wrote in his influential History of the Peloponnesian War, " The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable.

Although the power of Athens was broken, it made something of a recovery as a result of the Corinthian War and continued to play an active role in Greek politics.

His relationship with power was of a particularly personal nature ; whilst he undoubtedly desired the best for Athens, many of his actions also seem to have been made in self-interest.

In 1904, the British School at Athens began a thorough exploration of Laconia, and in the following year excavations were made at Thalamae, Geronthrae, and Angelona near Monemvasia.

* The forests, whose timber was very appreciated by the Greek cities to build their ships: in particular, it is known that Athens made commercial treaties with Macedon in the 5th century BC to import the timber necessary for the construction and the maintenance of its fleet of war.

* c. 530 BC — Peplos Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens, is made.

) Kuoros, from a cemetery at Anavysos, near Athens is made.

In 481 BC, Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for earth and water, but made the very deliberate omission of Athens and Sparta.

However, the Peloponnesian cities made fall-back plans to defend the Isthmus of Corinth should it come to it, whilst the women and children of Athens had been evacuated en masse to the Peloponnesian city of Troezen.

Vikelas made the Athens proposal official on June 23, and since Greece had been the original home of the Olympics, the congress unanimously approved the decision.

* c. 560 BC — Calf bearer ( Moscophoros ), from the Acropolis, Athens, is made.

* 570 BC – 560 BC — Berlin Kore, from a cemetery at Keratea, near Athens, is made.

* The sculpture of a Kritios Boy is made on Acropolis, Athens ( approximate date ).

* c. 750 BC – 700 BC — Funerary Vase ( Krater ), from the Dipylon Cemetery, Athens, is made.

However, Athens had made overtures for peace, and when Philip again moved south, peace was sworn in Thessaly.

Euclides is prompted to share his book when Terpsion wonders where he'd been: Euclides, who apparently can usually be found in the marketplace of Megara, was walking outside of the city and had happened upon Theaetetus being carried from Corinth to Athens with a case of dysentery and a minor war wound ; Euclides remarks that Socrates had made some uncanny predictions about Theaetetus needing to rise to fame.