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The first ( mainframe and minicomputer ) era was ruled by IBM and their mainframe computers ; these computers would often take up whole rooms and require teams to run them-IBM supplied the hardware and the software.
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first and mainframe
AIX was the first operating system to utilize journaling file systems, and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features like processor, disk and network virtualization, dynamic hardware resource allocation ( including fractional processor units ), and reliability engineering ported from its mainframe designs.
The first mainframe computers, using firstly vacuum tubes and later transistors in the logic circuits, appeared in the 1940s and 1950s.
Don Daglow wrote an enhanced version of the program called Ecala on a PDP-10 mainframe computer at Pomona College in 1973 before writing what was possibly the second or third computer role-playing game, Dungeon ( 1975 ) ( The first was probably " dnd ", written on and for the PLATO system in 1974, and the second may have been Moria, written in 1975 ).
Many mainframe customers run two machines: one in their primary data center, and one in their backup data center — fully active, partially active, or on standby — in case there is a catastrophe affecting the first building.
Stephenson studied at Boston University, first specializing in physics, then switching to geography after he found that it would allow him to spend more time on the university mainframe.
The first Pascal compiler was designed in Zürich for the CDC 6000 series mainframe computer family.
The first successful port of the CDC Pascal compiler to another mainframe was completed by Welsh and Quinn at the Queen's University of Belfast ( QUB ) in 1972.
TSOS was the first mainframe, demand paging, virtual memory operating system on the market.
* July 4 – Michael S. Hart posts the first e-book, a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, on the University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign's mainframe computer, the origin of Project Gutenberg.
It had a full set of hardware and software components: a disk operating system included in a series of programmable read-only memory chips ( PROMs ); 8 Kilobytes of RAM ; IBM's Basic Assembly Language ( BAL ); a hard drive ; a color display ; a printer output ; a 150 bit / s serial interface for connecting to a mainframe ; and even the world's first microcomputer front panel.
Hercules was notably the first mainframe emulator to incorporate 64-bit z / Architecture support, beating out commercial offerings.
The CDC 6600 was a mainframe computer from Control Data Corporation, first ( first in the United States ) delivered in 1964 to the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, part of the University of California at Berkeley.
* Extended addressing, a processor architecture first introduced by IBM in 1981 in the System / 370 model 3081 mainframe computer
In the first generation, computing was done by mainframe computers.
The first version was written in B by Alan Cox, Richard Acott, Jim Finnis, and Leon Thrane based at University of Wales, Aberystwyth for an old Honeywell mainframe and opened in 1987.
At first the system was deployed using RG-62 / U coax cable ( commonly used in IBM mainframe environments to connect 3270 terminals and controllers ), but later added support for twisted-pair and fibre media.
Hex is the UU's first mainframe computer, though instead of RAM, it has ram skulls, and its mouse is an actual mouse.
BS2000 V2. 0 – In June 1975, Siemens shipped the enhanced version of the TSOS operating system for the models of the Siemens 7. 700 mainframe series for the first time under the name BS2000.
The name DB2 was first given to the Database Management System or DBMS in 1983 when IBM released DB2 on its MVS mainframe platform.
IRRAS was the first IBM compatible PC-based risk analysis tool developed at the Idaho National Laboratory, thereby allowing users to work in a graphical interface rather than with mainframe punch cards.
Caddie was one of the first CAD tools that utilised microcomputers and did not require a mainframe computer with workstation access.
CALL dates back to the 1960s, when it was first introduced on university mainframe computers.
Older high-end mainframe computers, such as the Enterprise System / 9000 members of IBM's ESA / 390 computer family, used ECL as did the Cray-1 ; and first generation Amdahl mainframes.
first and minicomputer
Their PDP series of machines became popular in the 1960s, especially the PDP-8, widely considered to be the first successful minicomputer.
Originally designed as a follow-on to the PDP-11, DEC's VAX-11 series was the first widely used 32-bit minicomputer, sometimes referred to as " superminis ".
The LINC proved to attract intense interest in the scientific community, and has since been referred to as the first real minicomputer, a machine that was small and inexpensive enough to be dedicated to a single task even in a small lab.
The PDP-8 is referred to as the first real minicomputer because of its sub -$ 25, 000 price.
Edson de Castro was the Product Manager at Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) of their pioneering PDP-8, a 12-bit computer generally considered by most to be the first true minicomputer.
The name ' PDP ' intentionally avoided the use of the term ' computer ' because, at the time of the first PDPs, computers had a reputation of being large, complicated, and expensive machines, and the venture capitalists behind Digital ( especially Georges Doriot ) would not support Digital's attempting to build a " computer "; the word " minicomputer " had not yet been coined.
; PDP-8: 12-bit machine with a tiny instruction set ; DEC's first major commercial success and the start of the minicomputer revolution.
The PDP-1 was also the original hardware for playing history's first game on a minicomputer, Steve Russell's Spacewar !.
The 12-bit PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer, produced by Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) in the 1960s.
The first minicomputer to introduce virtual memory was the Norwegian NORD-1 ; during the 1970s, other minicomputers implemented virtual memory, notably VAX models running VMS.
The first release, named BRUNO ( after an HP sales training puppet ), ran on the HP 1000 minicomputer taking advantage of HP's first bitmapped computer terminal the HP 2640.
The predecessor to AS / 400, IBM System / 38, was first made available in August 1979 and was marketed as a minicomputer for general business and departmental use.
The first production X-ray CT machine ( in fact called the " EMI-Scanner ") was limited to making tomographic sections of the brain, but acquired the image data in about 4 minutes ( scanning two adjacent slices ), and the computation time ( using a Data General Nova minicomputer ) was about 7 minutes per picture.
A notable example was the PDP-8 from Digital Equipment Corporation, regarded to be the first commercial minicomputer.
When asked where he got the ideas for the architecture of the first microprocessor, Hoff related that Plessey, " a British tractor company ", had donated a minicomputer to Stanford, and he had " played with it some " while he was there.
Some examples of this are the NORD-1, the first minicomputer to have memory paging as a standard option, and the first machine to have floating-point instructions standard, the NORD-5, the world's first 32-bit minicomputer ( beating the VAX, often claimed the first, by 6 years )
* The NORD-1, the first minicomputer to have memory paging as a standard option, and the first machine to have floating-point instructions standard
first and era
Although it is not possible to sunder old and new in this era, I shall consider in the present chapter primarily the first decades of the eighth century and shall interpret them as an apogee of the first stage of Greek civilization.
Some date it from woman suffrage, others from when women first began to challenge men in the marketplace, still others from the era of the emancipated flapper and bathtub gin.
Alumni was the most successful team in the amateur era of Argentine football, winning 10 of the 14 league championships contested, being considered the first great football team.
The works of Petrarch first displayed the new interest in the intellectual values of the Classical world in the early 14th century and the romance of this era as rediscovered in the Renaissance period can be seen expressed by Boccaccio.
These three propositions were further developed by his followers, who maintained that God revealed Himself in a threefold revelation, the first in the Biblical patriarch Abraham, marking the epoch of the Father ; the second in Jesus Christ, who began the epoch of the Son ; and the third in Amalric and his disciples, who inaugurated the era of the Holy Ghost.
One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.
The first references in the western historical tradition begin at Syracuse in 399 BC and these devices were widely employed by the Roman Legions in Republican times well before the Christian era.
A coin by a contender for the imperial throne, Pacatianus, explicitly states " Year one thousand and first ", which is an indication that the citizens of the Empire had a sense of the beginning of a new era, a Saeculum Novum.
Nimzowitsch's chess theories, when first propounded flew in the face of widely held orthodoxies enunciated by the dominant theorist of the era, Siegbert Tarrasch, and his disciples.
After showing its first growth since the communist era in 2000, Bulgaria ’ s industrial sector has grown slowly but steadily in the early 2000s ( decade ).
The first and most prominent professional clubs of the NABBP era were the Cincinnati Red Stockings in Ohio, which lasted only two years.
In its 12-year history as an amateur league, the Brooklyn Atlantics won seven championships, establishing themselves as the first true dynasty in the sport, although, the New York Mutuals were widely considered to be one of the best teams of the era as well.
It is a common misconception that Jackie Robinson was the first African-American major-league ballplayer ; he was actually only the first after a long gap ( and the first in the modern era ).
The later usage was in part attributed to the choices of gold, silver and bronze to represent the first three Ages of Man in Greek mythology: the Golden Age, when men lived among the gods ; the Silver age, where youth lasted a hundred years ; and the Bronze Age, the era of heroes, and was first adopted at the 1904 Summer Olympics.
Monasticism had been introduced into the region of modern France during the Roman era by St. Martin of Tours, who founded the first monastery in Western Europe.
Greek astronomy essentially adopted the older Babylonian system in the Hellenistic era, first introduced to Greece by Eudoxus of Cnidus in the 4th century BC.
" An era of peaceful democracy in Costa Rica began in 1889 with elections considered the first truly free and honest ones in the country's history.
The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) was a flop on its initial release, yet became a cult classic and has been called " the first cult film of the Internet era.
During the era after the war, later called the Pax Mongolica, adventurous Westerners such as Marco Polo travelled all the way to China and brought the first reports of its wonders to Europe.
According to a report in Nature magazine, ( November, 2009 ) the first year-by-year accounting of this mechanism during the industrial era, and the first time scientists have actually measured it, suggests " the oceans are struggling to keep up with rising emissions — a finding with potentially wide implications for future climate.
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