In 1912 Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a " spiral nebula " ( spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies ), and soon discovered that almost all such nebulae were receding from Earth.

Doppler first proposed the effect in 1842 in his treatise " Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels " ( On the coloured light of the binary stars and some other stars of the heavens ).

File: Cdoppler. jpg | Christian Doppler ( 1803-1853 ): first described how the observed frequency of light and sound waves is affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector, a phenomenon which became known as the Doppler effect.

The effect is named after Christian Doppler, who offered the first known physical explanation for the phenomenon in 1842.

Some later V-2s used " guide beams ", radio signals transmitted from the ground, to keep the missile on course, but the first models used a simple analog computer that adjusted the azimuth for the rocket, and the flying distance was controlled by the timing of the engine cut-off, " Brennschluss ", ground controlled by a Doppler system or by different types of on-board integrating accelerometers.

* Doppler Imaging: Results first Doppler image of a Pleiades solar-type G dwarf – HII314, Strassmeier & Rice 2001, A & A 377, 264

The Doppler measurements of the Venera 4 to 7 probes were the first evidence of the existence of high-speed zonal winds ( up to or 225mph ) in the Venus atmosphere ( super rotation ).

The first example of laser cooling, and also still the most common method of laser cooling ( so much so that it is still often referred to simply as ' laser cooling ') is Doppler cooling.

* Ring-diagram analysis, first introduced by F. Hill, is used to infer the speed and direction of horizontal flows below the solar surface by observing the Doppler shifts of ambient acoustic waves from power spectra of solar oscillations computed over patches of the solar surface ( typically 15 ° × 15 °).

In early experiments, such as the first radar detection of Ceres, radar observations of asteroids were restricted to measurements of Doppler shifts and radar cross-sections.

By obtaining periodic Doppler shifts in the components of Algol, Vogel proved that the latter was a binary star ; thus, Algol was one of the first known spectroscopic binaries ( and it is also known to be an eclipsing binary ).

The Doppler Gravity Experiment ( DGE ) was the first polar, low-altitude mapping of the lunar gravity field.

WTSP also acquired Tampa Bay's first Doppler weather radar called " StormSeeker " in 1980 and was one of the first television stations in the country to use a computer in weather forecasting called " WeatherEye " ( 1979 ) and was the first station in the market with a 7-day forecast ( 1992 ).

This allowed, for the first time, the direct Doppler shift measurements needed

At the Research Laboratories of Brown Engineering Company ( later Teledyne Brown Engineering ), this phenomenon was used in developing the first laser Doppler flowmeter using heterodyne signal processing.

In the decades since the LDV was first introduced, there has been a wide variety of laser Doppler sensors developed and applied.

In December 1955 they published their first measurements of the Doppler shift of ultrasonic signals from a beating heart irradiated by 3 MHz waves.

For the first time, these allowed designers to apply digital signal processing techniques to exploit a variety of broadcast signals and to use cross-correlation techniques to achieve sufficient signal processing gain to detect targets and estimate their bistatic range and Doppler shift.

KFOR-TV eventually became the first station in the country to introduce color Doppler weather radar and in the 1990s, becoming the first television station to broadcast pictures and video of severe weather via cell phones.

Quasars are extremely luminous and were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that were point-like, similar to stars, rather than extended sources similar to galaxies.

Since the early twentieth century when astronomer Edwin Hubble first hypothesized that redshift shows the universe is expanding, prevailing scientific opinion has been that the current state of the universe is the result of a process described by the Big Bang.

* 2005-The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager and the Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich Array begin the first surveys for very high redshift clusters of galaxies using the Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich effect.

The first two were famous for suggesting that there were periodicities in the redshift distributions of galaxies and quasars.

Blazars were highly represented among these early quasars, and indeed the first redshift was found for 3C 273 — a highly variable quasar which is also a blazar.

The first phase change of hydrogen in the universe was recombination, which occurred at a redshift z = 1100 ( 400, 000 years after the Big Bang ), due to the cooling of the universe to the point where the rate of combination of an electron and proton to form neutral hydrogen was higher than the ionization rate of hydrogen.

The first redshift survey was the CfA Redshift Survey, started in 1977 with the initial data collection completed in 1982.

Their analysis of J-band observations indicated that Abell 1835 IR1916 has a redshift factor of z ~ 10. 0, meaning that, according to the Big Bang Theory, it appears to us as it was about 13. 2 billion years ago, only 500 million years after the Big Bang and very close to the first burst of star formation in the universe.

The first redshift survey was the CfA Redshift Survey, started in 1977 with the initial data collection completed in 1982.

* Gravitational redshift was first measured in a laboratory setting in 1959 by Pound and Rebka.

This was also the first solid identification of a quasar with a surrounding galaxy at the same redshift.

This conclusion was later supported by observations of GRB 970508, the first burst to have its redshift determined.

Since the SZA sees the shadow rather than the light emitted by the cluster itself, it can be used to measure sufficiently large clusters nearly independent of their redshift, all the way back to the epoch at which clusters first began to form.

William G. Tifft was the first to investigate possible redshift quantization, or " redshift-magnitude banding correlation ", as he first called it.

* 1959: Pound – Rebka experiment, first precision test of gravitational redshift,

* 1959: Pound – Rebka experiment, first precision test of gravitational redshift,

It was the first short duration GRB for which an accurate positional measurement was made, accurate enough to locate it near to an elliptical galaxy lying at a redshift of 0. 225.

But her prettiness was what he had noticed first, and all the other things had come afterward: cruelty, meanness, self-will.

There was an artificial lake just out of sight in the first stand of trees, fed by a half dozen springs that popped out of the ground above the hillside orchard.

The first part of the road was steep, but it leveled off after the second bend and curled gradually into the valley.

No one was behind it, but in the rear wall of the office I noticed, for the first time, a door which had been left partially open.

The herd was watered and then thrown onto a broad grass flat which was to be the first night's bedground.

Once again, Tom Horn was the first and most likely suspect, and he was brought in for questioning immediately.

For Matilda, it was the first she had known in many a night.

Even the knowledge that she was losing another boy, as a mother always does when a marriage is made, did not prevent her from having the first carefree, dreamless sleep that she had known since they dropped down the canyon and into Bear Valley, way, way back there when they were crossing those other mountains.

Stevens was grunting over the last empty pocket when Russ abruptly rose and lunged toward Carmer's hat, which had tumbled half-a-dozen feet away when he first fell.

The Indian's arm whipped sidewise -- there was a flash of amber and froth, the crash of the bottle shattering against the side of the first car.

It was her first smile.

At first, I thought he was out of his head, talking wildly like this.

Hell, I gave him the first decent job he ever had, six, seven -- how many years ago was it, Rob ''??

Miss Langford ( her first name was Evelyn ) was an attractive girl.

School began in August, the hottest part of the year, and for the first few days Miss Langford was very lenient with the children, letting them play a lot and the new ones sort of get acquainted with one another.

It was just as well that the ignorant Dandy enjoyed himself to the hilt that first evening, for the room was to become his prison cell.

`` Bastards '', he would say, `` all I did was put a beat to that Vivaldi stuff, and the first chair clobbered me ''!!

In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.

The first systematic thinking about this Pandora's box within Pandora's boxes was done four years ago by Fred Ikle, a frail, meek-mannered Swiss-born sociologist.

The smell at first was more surprising than unpleasant.

His collaboration with Washington, begun when he was the general's aide during the Revolution, was resumed when he entered the first Cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury.