There is no evidence that the term was a title that had any practical use, with implications of formal rights, powers and office, or even that it had any existence before the 9th-century.

For example, in court of justice where strictly formal Thai language is used, Dr cannot be mentioned as a person's title.

Beginning with John the Faster, the Bishop of Constantinople ( John IV, 582-595 ) adopted as a formal title for himself the by-then-customary honorific, Ecumenical Patriarch (" pre-eminent father for the civilized world ") over the strong objections of Rome: a title based on the political prestige of Constantinople and its economic and cultural centrality in the Empire.

In an English-speaking context, family names are most often used to refer to a stranger or in a formal setting, and are often used with a title or honorific such as Mr, Mrs, Ms, Miss, Dr, and so on.

Also, some may argue that the word " Messiah " can be a formal title for Jesus Christ, but the meaning " anointed " can be attributed to others, such as King David, anointed to kingship, and his son Solomon.

In 1212, King Přemysl Otakar I ( bearing the title " king " since 1198 ) extracted a Golden Bull of Sicily ( a formal edict ) from the emperor Frederick II., confirming the royal title for Otakar and his descendants and the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a kingdom.

With the SA thus neutralised, the SS became an independent organisation from 20 July 1934, responsible only to Hitler, and Himmler's title of Reichsführer-SS became the highest formal SS rank.

This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in North Korea, where, after the presidency of party leader Kim Il-Sung, the office was vacant for years, the late president being granted the posthumous title ( akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty ) of " Eternal President " ( while all substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son Kim Jong Il, initially without any formal office ) until it was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, while the party leader's post as Chairman of the National Defense Commission was simultaneously declared " the highest post of the state ", not unlike Deng Xiaoping earlier in the People's Republic of China.

In a republic, the head of state is nowadays usually styled President, and usually their permanent constitutions provide for election, but many have or had other titles and even specific constitutional positions ( see below ), and some have used simply ' head of state ' as their only formal title.

Each Co-Prince is represented in Andorra by a delegate, though these persons hold no formal title.

In some states the office of head of state is not expressed in a specific title reflecting that role, but constitutionally awarded to a post of another formal nature.

Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality, before a formal title for the highest office is determined ; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic Cameroon ( Cameroun, a former French colony ), the first President, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, was at first not styled président but ' merely ' known as Chef d ' état ( literal French for ' Head of State ') until 5 May 1960 ; in Uganda, military coup leader since 25 January 1971 Idi Amin was formally styled military head of State till 21 February 1971, only from then on regular ( but unconstitutional, not elected ) President.

In Spain, general Francisco Franco adopted the formal title Jefe del Estado, or Chief of State, and established himself as regent for a vacant monarchy.

His scholarship became popularly honored with the formal title of " Genius ", while amongst the Hasidic movement's leadership, despite his fierce opposition, he was respecfully referred to as " The Gaon, the Hasid from Vilna ".

The style Dame Heather McCartney could be used for the wife of a knight ; however, this style is largely archaic and is only used in the most formal of documents, or where the wife is a Dame in her own right ( such as Dame Norma Major, who gained her title six years before her husband Sir John Major was knighted ).

One who plays the smaller Irish or folk harps is often referred to as a " harper " rather than the more formal " harpist " title, which is used for players of concert or pedal harps.

His diplomatic position was such that his name is still on the oldest extant piece of English statute law, the Statute of Marlborough of 1267, where the formal title mentions as a witness " the Lord Ottobon, at that time legate in England ".

The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.

In the Three Power Conference of Berlin ( formal title of the Potsdam Conference ) from 17 July to 2 August 1945, they agreed to and adopted the Protocol of the Proceedings, August l, 1945, signed at Cecilienhof Castle in Potsdam.

In some cases, there can be formal title documents that show the ownership and transfer rights of that property after a person's death ( for example, motor vehicles, boats, etc.

In formal diplomatic communications with foreign countries, the title taikun, the source of the English word tycoon, was used.

As a result, in 1927 the United Kingdom changed its formal title to the " United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ," usually shortened to the " United Kingdom ", the " UK " or " Britain ".

Funds may have " risk officers " who assess and manage risks but are not otherwise involved in trading, and may employ strategies such as formal portfolio risk models.

The formal trademark transfer from EMI took place in 2003. presumably because the rights to Nipper in Canada are part of the RCA brand portfolio now owned by Technicolor SA and licensed to other companies.

The office has no standing in law, and does not carry any formal duties or tasks ; that is, it is without a portfolio, though the prime minister may negotiate or assign specific tasks in conjunction with the title.

The manner in which Early approached his portfolio and increasingly high-profile nature of the job have lead many to state that Early is the first true White House Press Secretary, both in function and in formal title.

The electronic portfolio on the other hand is a more formal setting where students must apply both their knowledge of how the web works and the message that they want to convey.

The takeover battle for William Low started on 14 July 1994, when Tesco announced its formal bid of £ 156 million for the company to dramatically improve its Scottish portfolio and an assurance it would not cherry pick the best stores.

After an appeal is heard, the " mandate " is a formal notice of a decision by a court of appeal ; this notice is transmitted to the trial court and, when filed by the clerk of the trial court, constitutes the final judgment on the case, unless the appeal court has directed further proceedings in the trial court.

( A formal proof for all finite sets would use the principle of mathematical induction to prove " for every natural number k, every family of k nonempty sets has a choice function.

The Archbishop of Canterbury, religious head of the Church of England, has no formal authority outside that jurisdiction, but is recognised as symbolic head of the worldwide communion.

Azerbaijan has formal involvement with senior ex-U. S. government officials including James Baker and Henry Kissinger as they serve on the Honorary Council of Advisors of the U. S .- Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce ( USACC ).

As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to Alhazen, René Descartes ( Discourse on the Method ) and Galileo Galilei.

There is not a formal creed within Judaism, though one has become especially authoritative.

Often dismissed as an unreliable tradition, it has been studied with attention by modern scholars, in particular Neil Christie, who see in it a possible record of a formal invitation by the Byzantine state to settle in northern Italy as foederati, to help protect the region against the Franks, an arrangement that may have been disowned by Justin II after Narses ' removal.

Although trade unions in Benin represent up to 75 % of the formal workforce, the large informal economy has been noted by the International Trade Union Confederation ( ITCU ) to contain ongoing problems, including a lack of women's wage equality, the use of child labour, and the continuing issue of forced labour.

Using programs or proofs of bounded lengths, it is possible to construct an analogue of the Berry expression in a formal mathematical language, as has been done by Gregory Chaitin.

It should be noted, however, the ' formal ' test is criticised for not including consideration of convergent evolution, and Theobald has defended the method against this claim.

This conceptualization is very broad, and should not be confused with how " cognitive " is used in some traditions of analytic philosophy, where " cognitive " has to do only with formal rules and truth conditional semantics.

Urukagina ( reigned c. 2380 BC – 2360 BC, short chronology ) had an early code that has not survived ; a later king, Ur-Nammu, left the earliest extant written law-system, the Code of Ur-Nammu ( c. 2100-2050 BC ), which prescribed a formal system of penalties for specific cases in 57 articles.

It has a molecular mass of 60. 01 daltons and carries a negative two formal charge.

The United Kingdom also operates a formal coalition cabinet between the Conservative and the Liberal Democrat parties, but this is unusual because the UK normally has a majority government.

In Culture and Imperialism, the sequel to Orientalism, Said argues that while the formal " age of empire " ended after World War II, imperialism has left a cultural legacy in the previously-colonized civilizations that remains today.

Rabbi Milton Steinberg wrote that " By its nature Judaism is averse to formal creeds which of necessity limit and restrain thought " and asserted in his book Basic Judaism ( 1947 ) that " Judaism has never arrived at a creed.

In ordinary language, i. e. outside of contexts such as formal logic, mathematics and programming, " or " sometimes has the meaning of exclusive disjunction.

Considerable controversy exists over the proper definition of the term " desertification " for which Helmut Geist ( 2005 ) has identified more than 100 formal definitions.

Although " Oedipus's enquiry is based on supernatural, pre-rational methods that are evident in most narratives of crime until the development of Enlightenment thought in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries " it has " all of the central characteristics and formal elements of the detective story, including a mystery sur-rounding a murder, a closed circle of suspects, and the gradual uncovering of a hidden past.

The study of mathematical proof is particularly important in logic, and has applications to automated theorem proving and formal verification of software.

If a distinction is to be made between divination and fortune-telling, divination has a formal or ritual and often social character, usually in a religious context, as seen in traditional African medicine ; while fortune-telling is a more everyday practice for personal purposes.

Aside from Eugene Onegin, Hofstadter has translated many other poems ( always respecting their formal constraints ), and two other novels ( in prose ): La Chamade ( That Mad Ache ) by French writer Françoise Sagan, and La Scoperta dell ' Alba ( The Discovery of Dawn ) by Walter Veltroni, the then head of the Partito Democratico in Italy.

Due to population growth and the proliferation of compulsory education, UNESCO has calculated that in the next 30 years more people will receive formal education than in all of human history thus far.

This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of electric potential difference, and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points.

The Catholic Church has not made a formal ruling on the existence of extraterrestrials.