This is a fundamental idea, which first surfaced in algebraic topology.

The idea that liberalism comes in two forms assumes that the most fundamental question facing mankind is how much government intervenes into the economy ...

Although Kronecker had conceded, Hilbert would later respond to others ' similar criticisms that " many different constructions are subsumed under one fundamental idea " — in other words ( to quote Reid ): " Through a proof of existence, Hilbert had been able to obtain a construction "; " the proof " ( i. e. the symbols on the page ) was " the object ".

An important extension of this idea is to consider the fundamental groupoid ( X, A ) where A is a set of " base points " and a subset of X.

The fundamental idea is that, once the expensive job of building the elevator is complete, an indefinite number of loads can be transported into orbit at minimal cost.

The novel also acts as a terrifying realization of some of Kant's fundamental ideas ; Sartre uses the idea of the autonomy of the will ( that morality is derived from our ability to choose in reality ; the ability to choose being derived from human freedom ; embodied in the famous saying " Condemned to be free ") as a way to show the world's indifference to the individual.

The idea of universal jurisdiction is fundamental to the operation of global organizations such as the United Nations and the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ), which jointly assert the benefit of maintaining legal entities with jurisdiction over a wide range of matters of significance to states ( the ICJ should not be confused with the ICC and this version of " universal jurisdiction " is not the same as that enacted in the War Crimes Law ( Belgium ) which is an assertion of extraterritorial jurisdiction that will fail to gain implementation in any other state under the standard provisions of public policy ).

A related early idea was Prout's hypothesis, formulated by English chemist William Prout, who proposed that the hydrogen atom was the fundamental atomic unit.

In China, the claim that Mao had " adapted Marxism – Leninism to Chinese conditions " evolved into the idea that he had updated it in a fundamental way applying to the world as a whole ; consequently, the term " Marxism – Leninism – Mao Zedong Thought " ( commonly known as Maoism ) was increasingly used to describe the official Chinese state ideology as well as the ideological basis of parties around the world who sympathized with the Communist Party of China ( such as the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist – Leninist / Mao Zedong Thought, founded by Jose Maria Sison in 1968 ).

The neuron doctrine is the now fundamental idea that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system.

" As part of his campaign against the classical idea of natural human sociability, Hobbes inverts that fundamental natural legal maxim, the Golden Rule.

All types of reductive physicalism are grounded in the idea that everything in the world can actually be reduced analytically to its fundamental physical, or material, basis.

* The interpretation of tough-mindedness as a manifestation of " authoritarian " versus tender-minded " democratic " values was incompatible with the Frankfurt school's single-axis model, which conceptualized authoritarianism as being a fundamental manifestation of conservatism, and many researchers took issue with the idea of " left-wing authoritarianism.

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

In the De Praescriptione he develops as its fundamental idea that, in a dispute between the Church and a separating party, the whole burden of proof lies with the latter, as the Church, in possession of the unbroken tradition, is by its very existence a guarantee of its truth.

In the colonies, however, the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government — not even Parliament — could violate.

These " Instructions " refuted the Marxist-based idea that class struggle is fundamental to history, and rejected the interpretation of religious phenomena such as the Exodus and the Eucharist in exclusively political terms.

Ontological reductionism denies the idea of ontological emergence, and claims that emergence is an epistemological phenomenon that only exists through analysis or description of a system, and does not exist on a fundamental level.

Hubert Lagardelle wrote that Pierre-Joseph Proudhon laid out the fundamental theories of anarcho-syndicalism, through his repudiation of both capitalism and the state, his flouting of political government, his idea of free, autonomous economic groups, and his view of struggle, not pacifism, as the core of humanity.

" The fundamental idea of 1924 thesis was the following: The fact that, following Einstein's introduction of photons in light waves, one knew that light contains particles which are concentrations of energy incorporated into the wave, suggests that all particles, like the electron, must be transported by a wave into which it is incorporated ... My essential idea was to extend to all particles the coexistence of waves and particles discovered by Einstein in 1905 in the case of light and photons.

The fundamental idea for the friction machine as high-voltage supply, using electrostatic influence to charge rotating disk or belt can be traced back to the 17th century or even before ( cf.

This principle is now fundamental to the idea of a " public park ", but was not assumed as necessary then.

Chomsky was not the first person to suggest that all languages had certain fundamental things in common ( he quotes philosophers writing several centuries ago who had the same basic idea ), but he helped to make the innateness theory respectable after a period dominated by more behaviorist attitudes towards language.

In 1624 he published a book titled An Examination of the Traditions of the Pharisees which questioned the fundamental idea of the immortality of the soul.

The evangelicals secured passage by the church's General Assembly in 1834, of the " Veto Act ", asserting that as a fundamental law of the Church that no pastor should be forced by the gentry upon a congregation contrary to the popular will, and that any nominee could be rejected by majority of the heads of families.

Stenton regarded it as one of the " small class of books which transcend all but the most fundamental conditions of time and place ", and regarded its quality as dependent on Bede's " astonishing power of co-ordinating the fragments of information which came to him through tradition, the relation of friends, or documentary evidence ...

Laissez-faire advocates criticize the term as an ideologically motivated attempt to cast what is in their view the fundamental problem of government intervention or “ investments ” as an avoidable aberration ; free-market advocates refer to governmental favoritism as " crony socialism ", " venture socialism " or " corporatism, a modern form of mercantilism " to emphasize that the only way to run a profitable business in such systems is to have help from corrupt government officials.

The term " common law " ( connotation 2 ) is often used as a contrast to Roman-derived " civil law ", and the fundamental processes and forms of reasoning in the two are quite different.

During the time of the so-called " Rewarding Truce ", which encompassed the 17 years from the end of the Ten Years ' War in 1878, fundamental changes took place in Cuban society.

The United States continues an embargo " so long as it continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights ", while the European Union accuses Cuba of " continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms ".

Immanuel Kant asserted that the world as we perceive it is organized according to a set of fundamental " intuitions ", which include object ( we perceive the world as a set of distinct things ); shape ; quality ( color, warmth, etc.

As part of Jiang's nominal legacy, the CPC ratified the Three Represents into the 2003 revision of the Party Constitution as a " guiding ideology ", encouraging the Party to represent " advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people.

The unit is today treated as nameless, referred to as " elementary charge ", " fundamental unit of charge ", or simply as " e ".

Egalitarian doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status, according to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy .< ref > Arneson Richard, " Egalitarianism ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2002.

Furthermore, Bob is only able to perform his measurement once: there is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics, known as the " no cloning theorem ", which makes it impossible for him to make a million copies of the electron he receives, perform a spin measurement on each, and look at the statistical distribution of the results.

The right to food is a human right derived from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ), recognizing the " right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food ", as well as the " fundamental right to be free from hunger ".

The Charter of the German Expellees () of August 5, 1950, announced their belief in requiring that " the right to the homeland is recognized and carried out as one of the fundamental rights of mankind given by God ", while renouncing revenge and retaliation in the face of the " unending suffering " ( unendliche Leid ) of the previous decade, and supporting the unified effort to rebuild Germany and Europe.

The UK government has consistently adopted a " non-interventionist policy ", and following the " high degree of consensus amongst academics, legal advisers, politicians and officials " would only intervene " in the event of a fundamental breakdown in public order or the rule of law, endemic corruption in the government or other extreme circumstances ".

suggests that there is a broad agreement among such sources that philosophy involves the study of fundamental or general topics ; e. g. " the most fundamental and general concepts and principles involved in thought, action and reality ", " the most general questions about our universe and our place in it ", the " absolutely fundamental reason of everything it investigates ", or " the fundamental reasons or causes of all things ".

This theme shows a connexion with the fundamental theological character of Iuno, that of incarnating vital force: virginity is the condition of unspoilt, unspent vital energy that can ensure communion with nature and its rhythm, symbolised in the fire of Vesta.

In 2004, the Joint Committee ( of both the House of Commons and House of Lords ) tasked with overseeing the drafting of the proposed Civil Contingencies Bill, published its first report, in which, amongst other things, it suggested amending the bill's clauses that grant Cabinet Ministers the power " to disapply or modify any Act of Parliament " as overly wide, and that the bill should be modified to preclude changes to the following Acts, which, it suggested, formed " the fundamental parts of constitutional law " of the United Kingdom ( names are shown as they appear in Hansard: ):

As sovereigns, they have the power to hold radical title to land, to exercise the four fundamental powers, taxation, eminent domain, police power, and escheat, as well as numerous other powers, including the power to grant charters, and implicit in that power to charter is the power to charter corporations, which they do, extensively.

: In view of the fact that independence is to be granted in Palestine on the recommendation and under the auspices of the United Nations, it is a proper and an important concern of the United Nations that the constitution or other fundamental law as well as the political structure of the new State or States shall be basically democratic, i. e., representative, in character, and that this shall be a prior condition to the grant of independence.

Professor Martin Nowak, Director of the Program for Evolutionary Dynamics at Harvard University, was awarded a grant for the “ Foundational Questions in Evolutionary Biology ” initiative, which seeks to advance fundamental questions in the context of evolutionary biology and to generate new understanding in the origins of biological creativity, the deep logics of biological dynamics and ontology, and the concepts of teleology and ultimate purpose in the context of evolutionary biology.

Upon appeal, The Court of Appeals for the First Circuit vacated the dismissal and remanded the action with directions to grant the writ, and dismiss the charge, reasoning that the Massachusetts law infringed on fundamental human rights of unmarried couples as guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The petition asks the high court to grant certiorari and resolve the " very important and fundamental state taxpayer standing questions " presented.

On March 3, 2006, the plaintiffs filed a Conditional Cross-Petition for a Writ of Certiorari, asking the Supreme Court, if it grants the Governor's petition, to also grant theirs ; and review all the " standing " orders including those dismissing plaintiffs ' " very important and fundamental " trust beneficiary standing, as well as the unprecedented orders restricting their state taxpayer standing.