The short-lived Bolognese Republic, proclaimed in 1796 as a French client republic in the Central Italian city of Bologna, had a government consisting of nine consuls and its head of state was the Presidente del Magistrato, i. e., chief magistrate, a presiding office held for four months by one of the consuls.

In Persian, Greek, Maltese, Turkic and Levantine Arabic as well as southern Italian dialects such as Sicilian, a bare dental click accompanied by tipping the head upwards signifies " no ".

According to Robert Evans, head of Paramount Pictures at the time, Coppola also did not initially want to direct the film because he feared it would glorify the Mafia and violence, and thus reflect poorly on his Sicilian and Italian heritage ; on the other hand, Evans specifically wanted an Italian-American to direct the film because his research had shown that previous films about the Mafia that were directed by non-Italians had fared dismally at the box office, and he wanted to, in his own words, " smell the spaghetti ".

" Mussolini claimed that Italian Fascism's economic system of corporatism could be identified as state capitalism which he claimed was state socialism " turned on its head ", which in either case involved " the bureaucratisation of the economic activities of the nation.

After Italian unification, the Pope remains head of state of Vatican City.

A collective head of state can exist in republics ( internal complexity ): e. g. nominal triumvirates ; the Directoire ; the seven-member Swiss Federal Council, where each member acts in turn as ceremonial chief of state ); Bosnia and Herzegovina ( three member presidium, from three different nations ); San Marino ( two " Captains-regent "), which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics, where there always was an even number of consuls.

On 25 October 1920 the Italian government recognized Sheikh Sidi Idris the hereditary head of the nomadic Senussi, with wide authority in Kufra and other oases, as Emir of Cyrenaica, a new title extended by the British at the close of World War I.

* In 1945 the body of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was lynched, hung ( upside down ), kicked in the head by passers-by, and shot several times after his execution by a firing squad.

When King Aistulf of the Lombards availed himself of the Italian dissent and invaded the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751, one of his first acts was to institute a crushing poll tax of one gold solidus per head on every Roman citizen.

The Italian sonnet was created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School under Emperor Frederick II.

In the 1930s, Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini described Italian Fascism's economic system of corporatism as " state socialism turned on its head ".

On that occasion the party won 48. 5 % of the vote, but, despite its absolute majority in the Italian Parliament, De Gasperi continued to govern at the head of a centrist coalition that included the Italian Workers ' Socialist Party ( PSLI-a 1947 break-away from the PSI ), the Liberals and the Republicans.

Some German-speakers wanted revenge upon Italian-speakers living in the area, but were mostly prevented by the occupying Nazis, who still considered Mussolini head of the Italian Social Republic and wanted to preserve good relations with the Fascists.

Whether the medieval instruments in fact represent forms of cornett is impossible to prove, but a number of extant 16th-century Italian curved cornetts that end in a beast ’ s head might be considered supporting evidence.

The group was influenced by the Italian Mannaia ( or Mannaja ), the Scottish Maiden and the Halifax Gibbet, which was fitted with an axe head weighing 7 pounds 12 ounces ( 3. 5 kg ).

The very approximate equivalent of an U. S. A-G would be the Ministro della Giustizia, who is a member of the government and head of the Italian Department of Justice.

* General Vito Miceli, chief of the SIOS ( Servizio Informazioni ), Italian Army Intelligence's Service from 1969 and SID's head from October 18, 1970 to 1974.

When in the fifth century the Italian peninsula passed under the control of first Odoacer and then the Ostrogoths, the church organization in Italy, and the bishop of Rome as its head, submitted to their sovereign authority while asserting their spiritual primacy over the whole Church.

The Italian referendum was intended only to determine whether the head of state should come from a family dynasty or be elected by popular vote.

After a few months life becomes very idyllic on the island, with Richard making friends with a few other members of the beach community: Keaty, a fellow Englishman hooked on his Game Boy ; Gregorio, a Spanish traveller part of his fishing detail ; Unhygienix, the Italian head chef with an intense obsession for bath soap ; Jesse and Cassie, two lovers who work in the gardening and carpentry detail, respectively ; Ella, who works second-in-command with Unhygenix in the cooking detail ; and finally, Jed-the enigmatic loner of the group whose sole separate detail is shrouded in mystery.

Italian sculptors whose work is held by the museum include: Bartolomeo Bon, Bartolomeo Bellano, Luca della Robbia, Giovanni Pisano, Donatello, Agostino di Duccio, Andrea Riccio, Antonio Rossellino, Andrea del Verrocchio, Antonio Lombardo, Andrea Riccio, Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi, Andrea della Robbia, Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, Michelangelo ( represented by a freehand wax model and casts of his most famous sculptures ), Jacopo Sansovino, Alessandro Algardi, Antonio Calcagni, Benvenuto Cellini ( Medusa's head dated c1547 ), Agostino Busti, Bartolomeo Ammannati, Giacomo della Porta, Giambologna ( Samson Slaying a Philistine ( Giambologna ) c1562, his finest work outside Italy ), Bernini ( Neptune and Triton c1622 – 3 ), Giovanni Battista Foggini, Vincenzo Foggini ( Samson and the Philistines ), Massimiliano Soldani Benzi, Antonio Corradini, Andrea Brustolon, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Innocenzo Spinazzi, Canova, Carlo Marochetti and Raffaelle Monti.

The terms were later adopted within bel canto, the Italian opera singing method, where chest voice was identified as the lowest and head voice the highest of three vocal registers: the chest, passagio and head registers.

This is the force, in our time and in every other time, that urges the paranoiac and the manic-depressive to become head of a state.

Another Yankee became so disgusted as to state: `` I wish to God one half of our officers were knocked in the head by slinging them against ( the other half ) ''.

Since the adoption of a new constitution, early in 2010, the politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Angola is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

The politics of Antigua and Barbuda takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic monarchy, wherein the Sovereign of Antigua and Barbuda is the head of state, appointing a Governor-General to act as vice-regal representative in the nation.

As head of state, Queen Elizabeth II is represented in Antigua and Barbuda by a governor general who acts on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet.

* 1980 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir is elected President of Iceland and becomes the world's first democratically elected female head of state

* 1925 – Paul von Hindenburg defeats Wilhelm Marx in the second round of the German presidential election to become the first directly elected head of state of the Weimar Republic.

Until the dissolution of Holy Roman Empire and mediatization of smaller imperial fiefs by Napoleon, the evangelical Abbess of Quedlinburg was also per officio the head of that reichsunmittelbar state.

" He points to the fact that the Pope claims universal jurisdiction and he therefore argues that " it would be intolerable to have, as the sovereign of a Protestant and free country, one who owes any allegiance to the head of any other state " and contends that if such situation came about " we will have undone centuries of common law.

* 2007 – Boris Yeltsin's funeral – the first to be sanctioned by the Russian Orthodox Church for a head of state since the funeral of Emperor Alexander III in 1894.

Notable examples of bodyguards include the Roman Praetorian Guard or the Ottoman Janissaries — though, in both cases, the protectors sometimes became assassins themselves, exploiting their power to make the head of state a virtual hostage or killing the very leaders they were supposed to protect.

After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death.

The Presidency is the head of state and it is mainly responsible for the foreign policy and proposing the budget.

Politics of Botswana takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

Finally, on 10 November 1989, at the November plenum of BCP Todor Zhivkov was dismissed as a long-time party leader and head of state and the communist regime gave way to democratic elections and government.

The Politics of Burkina Faso takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Burkina Faso is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

Politics of Burundi takes place in a framework of a transitional presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Burundi is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

Karmal was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Council, synonymous with vice head of state, in the communist government.

After becoming head of state in 1933, Adolf Hitler ignored the Versailles Treaty provisions.