Partly because low-level heat treatment is needed to inactivate enzymes before radiosterilization, treated fresh meats have the appearance of boiled or canned meat.

They needed to develop new methods to regulate their body heat in order to cope with fluctuations in ambient temperatures.

Earth sheltering and windbreaks can also reduce the absolute amount of heat needed by a building.

It is approximately the amount of energy needed to heat of water, which is exactly one tenth of a UK gallon or about 0. 1198 US gallons, from 39 ° F to 40 ° F ( 3. 8 ° C to 4. 4 ° C ).

Bains-marie were originally developed for use in the practice of alchemy, when alchemists needed a way to heat materials slowly and gently.

Often, the waste heat recovery steam boilers attached to the engine exhaust ducting generate the needed to heat required for fuel heating.

If high output powers are needed from a class-A circuit, the power waste ( and the accompanying heat ) will become significant.

Greengrocers prefer to sell their fruit and vegetables at lower prices if needed, rather than see them rot in the heat.

What is needed is a form of heat treatment called differential hardening, where heat is carefully applied to part of the case until the desired softness is reached, and then the heat treatment process is halted by rapidly cooling the case.

For processes involving a system at constant pressure p and temperature T, the Gibbs free energy is the most useful because, in addition to subsuming any entropy change due merely to heat, it does the same for the pdV work needed to " make space for additional molecules " produced by various processes.

As, sometimes, a tube or another mechanical part has to cross a wall or floor that has special fire insulation material or that have special fire insulation resistance, it is needed to recover the original level of security of the fire system in case of maintenance, or to reach the designed level of security, so to avoid or delay the propagation of flame, smoke and heat accordingly.

Prior to the latter half of the 18th century, windmills and watermills provided the energy needed for industry such as milling flour, sawing wood or pumping water, and burning wood or peat provided domestic heat.

At this stage, the heat source should be reduced because heat is only needed to maintain pressure.

Central ,'all-air ' air conditioning systems ( or package systems ) with a combined outdoor condenser / evaporator unit are often installed in modern residences, offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit ( install in a building that was not designed to receive it ) because of the bulky air ducts required to carry the needed air to heat or cool an area.

However, additional kinds of heat sources can be added to microwave packaging, or into combination microwave ovens, to produce these other heating effects, and microwave heating may cut the overall time needed to prepare such dishes.

Because temperature variations tend to propagate through dense masonry materials ( thermal diffusion ) at a rate of approximately 1 inch per hour, daytime heat gain will be available at the interior surface of the thermal mass in the early evening when it's needed.

Ladakh receives about 320 days of sun annually, and the traditional building materials — stone and mud brick — provide the thermal mass needed for heat collection in a Trombe wall.

A fan is needed to improve heat exchange efficiency.

where λE is the energy needed to change the phase of water from liquid to gas, R < sub > n </ sub > is the net radiation, G is the soil heat flux and H is the sensible heat flux.

Sear on both sides then cover meat loosely with heat reflecting foil for juiciest results.

Next, run the engine and let it heat up so the thermostat opens, and then look for leaks again.

In free-burning electric arcs, for instance, approximately 90% of the total arc power is transferred to the anode giving rise to local heat fluxes in excess of Af as measured by the authors -- the exact value depending on the arc atmosphere.

The use of high voltages and low currents by proper design to reduce electron heat transfer to the anode for a given power output.

Temperatures of the shield and of the surface of the water-cooled anode holder were measured by thermocouples to account for heat received by the coolant but not originating from the anode plug.

It would appear that it should be possible to determine unique mechanisms for the thermal and photochemical reactions in both the liquid and gas phases and to determine values for activation energies of some of the intermediate reactions of atoms and free radicals, as well as information on the heat of dissociation of the carbon-halogen bond.

Interest remained, however, in the possibility that it would serve as a useful supplementary method for counteracting spoilage losses and for preserving some foods at lower over-all costs than freezing, or without employing heat or chemicals with their attendant taste alterations.

Radiation, therefore, is at an initial cost disadvantage even though only 1 to 10 per cent as much radiation energy as heat energy is required for radiopasteurization or radiosterilization.

The K factor, a term used to denote the rate of heat transmission through a material ( B.t.u./sq. ft. of material/hr./*0F./in. of thickness ) ranges from 0.24 to 0.28 for flexible urethane foams and from 0.12 to 0.16 for rigid urethane foams, depending upon the formulation, density, cell size, and nature of blowing agents used.

There was about that song something incandescent, for this Brahms was Milstein at white heat.

And so the sun came up again and for a moment its color was the young men's blood, shifting then into the full heat and outcry which ran with their hearts.

After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will then continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time lag effect.

Making non-arable land arable often involves digging new irrigation canals and new wells, aqueducts, desalination plants, planting trees for shade in the desert, hydroponics, fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides, reverse osmosis water processors, PET film insulation or other insulation against heat and cold, digging ditches and hills for protection against the wind, and greenhouses with internal light and heat for protection against the cold outside and to provide light in cloudy areas.

The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for use in tool and weapon making.

The original Nernst heat theorem makes the weaker and less controversial claim that the entropy change for any isothermal process approaches zero as T → 0:

Adiabatic processes can occur if the container of the system has thermally-insulated walls or the process happens in an extremely short time, so that there is no opportunity for significant heat exchange.

being the specific heat for constant pressure,

The canyon below the Lower Yellowstone Falls was at one time the site of a geyser basin that was the result of rhyolite lava flows, extensive faulting, and heat beneath the surface ( related to the hot spot ).

The chemical and heat action of the geyser basin caused the rhyolite rock to become hydrothermally altered, making it very soft and brittle and more easily erodible ( sometimes likened to baking a potato ).

Terrified, the three are rushed upwards, through stifling heat, and are ejected onto the surface from a side-vent of a stratovolcano acting like a cone geyser until the geyser stops erupting.

This work gave a heat of formation of aluminum fluoride which closely substantiates a value which had been determined by a less direct method, and raises this property to 15 percent above that accepted a few years ago.

Similar measurements are being initiated to resolve a large discrepancy in the heat of formation of another important combustion product, beryllium fluoride.

( The heat change at constant pressure is called the enthalpy change ; in this case the enthalpy of formation ).

Reduced friction has the benefit of reducing heat generation and reduced formation of wear particles as well as improved efficiency.

For example, the melting point, the first three ionization energies, and the hydration energy are greater than those of neodymium and lower than those of samarium ; similarly, the estimate for the boiling point, ionic ( Pm < sup > 3 +</ sup >) radius, and standard heat of formation of monatomic gas are greater than those of samarium and less those of neodymium.

The subject commonly includes calculations of such quantities as heat capacity, heat of combustion, heat of formation, enthalpy, entropy, free energy, and calories.

A Viking ship in the line could not retreat or pursue hostiles without breaking the formation and cutting the ropes, which weakened the overall Viking fleet and was a burdensome task to perform in the heat of battle.

Based on these and other ideas, Berthelot and Thomsen, as well as others, considered the heat given out in the formation of a compound as a measure of the affinity, or the work done by the chemical forces.

As with daytime heating, the addition of moisture to the air increases its heat content and instability and helps set into motion those processes that lead to the formation of cloud or fog.

The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of the compound from its elements, with all substances in their standard states.

It is possible to predict heat of formations for simple unstrained organic compounds with the Heat of formation group additivity method.

The oxidizer should contain at least 25 % oxygen, have high density, low heat of formation, and produce metal with low melting and high boiling point ( so the energy released is not consumed in evaporation of reaction products ).

As the exposed surface cools by radiating its heat, atmospheric moisture condenses at a rate greater than that at which it can evaporate, resulting in the formation of water droplets.

Other effects that may impact the economy are: reduced visibility affecting aircraft and road transportation ; reduced sunlight reaching the surface ; increased cloud formation increasing the heat blanket effect ; high level dust sometimes obscures the sun over Florida ; effects on human health of breathing dust.

The extra heat was the result of a mix of remnant heat from planetary accretion, heat from the formation of the Earth's core, and heat produced by radioactive elements.

The formation of the area began with muddy sediments under ancient oceans that were changed by heat and pressure into hard rocks, then uplifted by movements of the continental plate and volcanic eruptions.

Because of this steam is a great way of moving energy and heat around a site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but without the right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising plant will suffer from scale formation and corrosion.