In recent years, historians such as Harry Jaffa, Herman Belz, John Diggins, Vernon Burton and Eric Foner have stressed Lincoln's redefinition of republican values.

The canonization of Saint Udalric, Bishop of Augsburg, by Pope John XV in 999 is the first undoubted example of a papal canonization of a saint from outside Rome ( Some historians maintain that the first such canonization was that of Saint Swibert by Pope Leo III in 804 ).

Historian John Lewis Gaddis has summarized the turnaround in evaluations by historians:

Many environmental historians consider the split between John Muir and Gifford Pinchot.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, John Horace Round and Frederic William Maitland, both historians of medieval Britain, arrived at different conclusions as to the character of English society before the Norman Conquest in 1066.

Dodd proposes that historians may mix and match between John and the synoptics on the basis of whichever appears strongest on a particular episode.

This claim has been disputed by historians of science including Lynn Thorndike, John Maxson Stillman and George Sarton and by Bacon's editor Robert Steele, both in terms of authenticity of the work, and with respect to the decryption method.

It is widely believed by historians that Federalist newspaper editors Nathan Hale, Benjamin and John Russell were the instigators, but the historical record gives no definitive evidence as to who created or uttered the word for the first time.

ENIAC co-inventor John Mauchly examined the ABC in June 1941, and its influence on the design of the later ENIAC machine is a matter of contention among computer historians.

Some 20th-century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer.

The ideas of imperialism put forward by historians John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson during the 19th century.

After this, Arthur's fate remains uncertain, but modern historians believe he was murdered by John.

John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for forces of the period to have carried out successfully.

Opinions vary amongst historians as to the military skill shown by John during this campaign, with most recent historians arguing that his performance was passable, although not impressive.

Modern historians remain divided as to whether John suffered from a case of " royal schizophrenia " in his approach to government, or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century.

John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that John was at best impious, or even atheistic, a very serious issue at the time.

Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a " stalemate ", " a military situation uncompromised by defeat ".

In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John.

Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th-and 13th-century chroniclers.

Jim Bradbury notes the consensus of contemporary historians that John was a " hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general ", albeit, as Turner suggests, with " distasteful, even dangerous personality traits ", including pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty.

John Gillingham, author of a major biography of Richard I, follows this line too, although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren ; Bradbury takes a moderate line, but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John's numerous faults.

Popular historian Frank McLynn maintains a counter-revisionist perspective on John, arguing that the king's modern reputation amongst historians is " bizarre ", and that as a monarch John " fails almost all those that can be legitimately set ".

Stuart received significant criticism from the Southern press as well as the postbellum proponents of the Lost Cause movement, but historians have failed to agree on whether Stuart's exploit was entirely the fault of his judgment or simply bad luck and Lee's less-than-explicit orders.

In spite of such literature, the historians Archibald Paton Thorton and Stuart Creighton Miller argue against the very coherence of the concept.

Some modern historians like Stuart Munro-Hay, Rodolfo Fattovich, Ayele Bekerie, Cain Felder, and Ephraim Isaac consider this civilization to be indigenous, although Sabaean-influenced due to the latter's dominance of the Red Sea, while others like Joseph Michels, Henri de Contenson, Tekle-Tsadik Mekouria, and Stanley Burstein have viewed Dʿmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaeans and indigenous peoples.

amounts to a statement of the theory, while other economic historians date the discovery later, to figures such as Jean Bodin, David Hume, and John Stuart Mill.

He was depicted by sixteenth century historians as the son of Banquo and the ancestor of the kings of the House of Stuart.

To the dismay of his military advisors, Charles Edward Stuart insisted on offering battle to the pursuing army of Cumberland on the open moorland of Culloden with the intention of fighting defensively, a decision that most historians have seen as playing into the hands of the government forces.

His " historical review of the stage ", Roscius Anglicanus ( 1708 ), is an invaluable source for historians both of Restoration and of Stuart theater.

Among his opponents were Fireman Jim Flynn, the only boxer ever to beat Dempsey by a knockout when Dempsey lost to him in the first round ( although many boxing historians, including Monte Cox, believe the fight was a " fix "), and Gunboat Smith, formerly a highly ranked contender who had beaten both World Champion Jess Willard and Hall of Famer Sam Langford.

Commentary is also provided by film experts and historians such as John Carpenter, John Milius, Alex Cox, film historian and Leone biographer Sir Christopher Frayling, Dr. Sheldon Hall, as well as actors Claudia Cardinale and Gabriele Ferzetti, and director Bernardo Bertolucci, a co-writer of the film.

Even whom should be considered the earliest known king is contested: although C. Conti Rossini proposed that Zoskales of Axum, mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, should be identified with one Za Haqle mentioned in the Ethiopian King Lists ( a view embraced by later historians of Ethiopia such as Yuri M. Kobishchanov and Sergew Hable Sellasie ), G. W. B.

Also academics note that since much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th and 11th Century CE Islamic historians like Al-Biruni and especially the Shia Muslim Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim ( and his work Fihrist ); " Islamic authors ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets " This topic is discussed by an Israeli academic Guy G. Stroumsa

Norse sources have identified the two as the same since the late 12th century, and while the subject was controversial among early modern historians, most historians have identified the two figures as the same since W. G. Collingwood's article in 1901.

" Other historians, such as H. G. Richardson or G. O. Sayles, take a view that the change was less radical than Southern's view.

" Such a soil would have been unpromising had Murray intended seriously to farm it ; instead the house, like the other grand expressions of preeminent urban social position that crowned most of Manhattan's prominent rises of ground had other uses: " although some of these estates grew crops for profit ," the historians of New York Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace observe, " their primary purpose — besides providing refuge from epidemics — was to serve as theaters of refinement ".

Other historians who criticised The Origins of the Second World War included ; Isaac Deutscher, Louis Morton, Barbara Tuchman, Ian Morrow, Gerhard Weinberg, G. F. Hudson, Elizabeth Wiskemann, W. N.

The murder of Cynewulf was also considered to have taken place at Merton in Surrey, but modern historians, including the Rev G. H. Godwin now asscribe it to some place of the same name near Winchester.

Despite historians such as G. R. Elton, who treated the Acts as merely a triumph of Tudor efficiency, modern British, and particularly Welsh historians are more likely to investigate evidence of the damaging effects of the Acts on Welsh identity, culture, and economy.

There is some dispute over whether the triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games, others such as Stephen G. Miller believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of Phayllus of Croton having jumped 55 ancient feet ( around 16. 3 m ).

Older historians believed it to be the Deli Tchai river, but historians N. G. L.

He studied theology in the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin ( 1817-20 ) under Karl Daub, Schleiermacher and Neander, the philosophers and historians G. W. F. Hegel, Friedrich Creuzer and F. C. Schlosser exercising a considerable influence in shaping his thought.

* Edwin G. Boring, one of the first historians of psychology

* Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, a 1998 book by American historians Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace

As a result of the work by historians G. O. Sayles and H. G. Richardson, it is widely believed that the early parliaments had a judicial as well as a legislative function.

Other historians ( e. g., Jacob G. Ghazarian, Vahan M. Kurkjian ) suggest that Thoros I died without a male heir and was succeeded by Leon I.

Revisionist historians, such as James G. Randall and Avery Craven, saw in the social and economic systems of the South no differences so fundamental as to require a war.

The committee, which included Sevier, submitted the " Watauga Petition " to Virginia in the Spring of 1776, formally asking to be annexed, but Virginia refused ( historian J. G. M. Ramsey suggested Sevier wrote the petition, but later historians rejected this ).

" For nearly a century after his death, historians such as J. G. M.

The members were baseball figures, not historians: Spalding's friend Abraham G. Mills, a former National League president ; two United States Senators, former NL president Morgan Bulkeley and former Washington club president Arthur Gorman ; former NL president and lifelong secretary-treasurer Nick Young ; two other star players turned sporting goods entrepreneurs ( George Wright and Alfred Reach ); and AAU president James E. Sullivan.