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The historical foundation of this approach lies with the fact that, in the 19th century, many politicians used to be noblemen without appropriate education, who more and more became forced to rely on consultation of educated experts, which ( in particular after the Prussian reforms of Stein and Hardenberg ) enjoyed the status of financially and personally independent, indismissable, and neutral experts as Beamte ( public servants under public law ).
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historical and foundation
In fact, there is no evidence of the deposed Sultan being allowed to make such foreign travels, nor did Voltaire ( or Gürsel ) assert that it had any actual historical foundation.
Its mythical foundation was attributed to Heracles ( on behalf of his fallen friend Abderus ), its historical one to a colony from Klazomenai.
It concludes a series of historical books running from Joshua through Judges and Samuel, the overall purpose which is to provide a theological explanation for the destruction of the Jewish kingdom by Babylon in 586 BCE and a foundation for a return from exile.
The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC.
This creates a foundation for documentary research, which involves examining and evaluating historical records for evidence about ancestors and other relatives, their kinship ties, and the events that occurred in their lives.
" It will be remembered that the interest of the United States in the Republic of Liberia springs from the historical fact of the foundation of the Republic by the colonization of American citizens of the African race.
Prior to 2002, available historical accounts noted that Beria had a notorious reputation that " almost certainly had some foundation ", but was ultimately inconclusive.
It is possible that Callixtus was martyred around 222, perhaps during a popular uprising, but the legend that he was thrown down a well has no historical foundation, though the church does contain an ancient well.
Several festivals, some of uncertain foundation and date, were held at the Circus in historical times.
A July, 1967 Time Magazine study on hippie philosophy credited the foundation of the hippie movement with historical precedent as far back as the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics also as early forms of hippie culture.
In addition to soliciting and administering unrestricted funds, the foundation also administers donor-designated funds supporting particular educational, humanitarian, historical preservation, and peer recognition programs of the IEEE.
* Probably Cato's most important work, Origines, in seven books, related the history of the Italian towns, with special attention to Rome, from their legendary or historical foundation to his own day.
Local legends of the city of Pontevedra ( Galicia ) relate the foundation of this city to Teucer ( Teucro ), although this seems to be based more on the suspicions that Greek traders might have arrived to that area in ancient times-hence introducing a number of Greek stories-and not historical facts.
Boudica's legendary fame during the Victorian era, when Queen Victoria was portrayed as her ' namesake ', restored a historical and cultural foundation to Britain.
Painted by Tintoretto from 1578 onwards, the frescoes of mythological subjects and of the cities and regions under Venetian dominion were designed to show a close link between Venice ’ s foundation, its independence, and the historical mission of the Venetian aristocracy.
Many students are taught that certain conjunctions ( such as " and ", " but ", and " so ") should not begin sentences, although authorities such as the Chicago Manual of Style state that this teaching has " no historical or grammatical foundation ".
Nunspeet has a vivid historical foundation, called Nuwenspete.
This groundbreaking text laid the foundation for Chinese historiography and the many official Chinese historical texts compiled for each dynasty thereafter.
These include Kojiki ( 712 ), a work recording Japanese mythology and legendary history ; Nihon Shoki ( 720 ), a chronicle with a slightly more solid foundation in historical records than Kojiki ; and Man ' yōshū ( 759 ), a poetry anthology.
Early Chinese historians described Wa as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities rather than the unified land with a 700-year tradition as laid out in the 8th-century work Nihon Shoki, a partly mythical, partly historical account of Japan which dates the foundation of the country at 660 BC.
Though Abulfeda as a late epitomator did not afford a starting point for methodical study of the sources, Reiske's edition with his version and notes certainly laid the foundation for research in Arabic history, and a historical criticism of Oriental numismatics with his letters on Arabic coinage ( in Eichhorn's Repertorium, vols.
Legends concerning the date and manner of Akiva's death are numerous, but according to Crawford Howell Toy and Louis Ginzberg in the Jewish Encyclopedia, they must all be disregarded as being without historical foundation.
The Roman mythological tradition is particularly rich in historical myths, or legends, concerning the foundation and rise of the city.
" Nevertheless, Karlgren's groundbreaking works laid the foundation of modern Chinese historical linguistics and many of his works are still used as valuable works of reference.
historical and approach
As academic disciplines began to differentiate over the course of the nineteenth century, anthropology grew increasingly distinct from the biological approach of natural history, on the one hand, and from purely historical or literary fields such as Classics, on the other.
Under the influence of several younger scholars, a new approach came to predominate among British anthropologists, concerned with analyzing how societies held together in the present ( synchronic analysis, rather than diachronic or historical analysis ), and emphasizing long-term ( one to several years ) immersion fieldwork.
Instead, they pioneered an approach to a study of long-term historical structures ( la longue durée ) over events and political transformations.
It focuses on historical Norse paganism of the Viking Age as described in the Eddas, but proponents also take a more inclusive approach, defining it as " Northern European Heathenry " not limited to a specific historical period.
Pneumaist aestheticism is a theory of art and a highly experimental approach to art negating historical preconceptions of the aesthetic.
For surveys, the most common approach is to follow a historical path by associating stances with the philosophers who are most strongly associated with them, for example Descartes, Locke, Kant, etc.
Historical conciliation is an applied conflict resolution approach that utilizes historical narratives to positively transform relations between societies in conflicts.
Holzkamp mostly based his sophisticated attempt to provide a comprehensive and integrated set of categories defining the field of psychological research on Aleksey Leontyev's approach to cultural – historical psychology and activity theory.
Among his substantial publications from this period were his book on " Time Perspective in the Aboriginal American Culture " ( 1916 ), in which he laid out an approach to using historical linguistics to study the prehistory of Native American cultures.
In the Historicist approach, Revelation provides us with a broad view of history, and passages in Revelation are identified with major historical people and events.
Critical scholarship in the 19th century distinguished between the " biographical " approach of the synoptics and the " theological " approach of John, and began to disregard John as a historical source.
Karl Popper used the term historicism in his influential books The Poverty of Historicism and The Open Society and Its Enemies, to mean: " an approach to the social sciences which assumes that historical prediction is their primary aim, and which assumes that this aim is attainable by discovering the ' rhythms ' or the ' patterns ', the ' laws ' or the ' trends ' that underlie the evolution of history ".
In contrast, some Reconstructionist movements, like those who practise Theodism, take a stricter religious approach, and only recognize certain historical texts and sources as being relevant to their belief system, intentionally focusing on one culture to the exclusion of others, and having a general disdain for the eclectic mentality.
However, when confronted with totally unexpected phenomena, such as the first evidence for invisible radiation, experimental scientists often use the same approach as historical scientists: construct a set of hypotheses about the causes and then look for a " smoking gun ".
The best known historical approach involved the Stanford-Binet IQ test, developed originally by the French psychologist Alfred Binet.
Sima adopted a new method in sorting out the historical data and a new approach to writing historical records.
Other scholars acknowledge distortion of the historical record by apartheid supporters and shady white traders seeking to cover their tracks, but dispute the revisionist approach, noting that stories of cannibalism, raiding, burning of villages, or mass slaughter were not developed out of thin air but based on the clearly documented accounts of hundreds of black victims, and refugees.
Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein, speaking to the International Institute for Strategic Studies on 25 January 2001, argued for a more flexible approach to territorial integrity, in line with historical norms, saying: Let us accept the fact that states have lifecycles similar to those of human beings who created them.
All of these approaches involve a historical and sociological turn to science, with a special emphasis on lived experience ( a kind of Husserlian " life-world "), rather than a progress-based or anti-historical approach as done in the analytic tradition.
Many historicists such as H. B. Nicholson ( 2001 ( 1957 )) and Nigel Davies ( 1977 ) were fully aware that the Aztec chronicles were a mixture of mythical and historical accounts, this led them to try to separate the two by applying a comparative approach to the varying Aztec narratives.
As a result a study of an archaeological landscape can involve a multidisciplinary approach requiring the inclusion of many specialists from a variety of disciplines including prehistory, historical archaeology, maritime archaeology, anthropology.
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