After declaring, in an article last month in Frontier Magazine, that the Russian testing `` carries with it the possibility of the most tragic consequences of any action in the history of the world '', he gave this estimate of the biologic and genetic consequences if the new Soviet shots totaled 200 megatons:

A veteran diplomat with an extraordinary knowledge of Russian language, history and literature, Kennan recalls how, at the time of Hitler's attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, he penned a private note to a State Department official, expressing the hope that `` never would we associate ourselves with Russian purposes in the areas of eastern Europe beyond her own boundaries ''.

Karpov improved so quickly under Botvinnik's tutelage that he became the youngest Soviet National Master in history at fifteen in 1966 ; this tied the record established by Boris Spassky in 1952.

While many older Soviet and European cars remain in service in Cuba, they are largely eclipsed by the island's great 1950s Cadillacs, Packards, De Sotos and similar products from one of the most ornate styling periods in U. S. auto history.

Gorbachev's election to the General Secretaryship was the quickest in Soviet history.

Although perestroika was considered bold in the context of Soviet history, Gorbachev's attempts at economic reform were not radical enough to restart the country's chronically sluggish economy in the late 1980s.

The cinema of the Soviet Union, not to be confused with " Cinema of Russia " despite Russian language films being predominant in both genres, includes several film contributions of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union reflecting elements of their pre-Soviet culture, language and history, although sometimes censored by the Central Government.

At the same time, the nation's film industry, which was fully nationalized throughout most of the country's history, was guided by philosophies and laws propounded by the monopoly Soviet Communist Party which introduced a new view on the cinema, socialist realism, which was different from the one before or after the existence of the Soviet Union.

Long-denied problems such as poor housing, food shortages, alcoholism, widespread pollution, creeping mortality rates and the second-rate position of women were now receiving increased attention, as well as the history of Soviet state crimes against the population.

Revelations about Soviet history had a devastating effect on those who had faith in communism and who had never been exposed to this information.

Explaining the internal impact of the DDR regime from the perspective of German history in the long term, historian Gerhard A. Ritter ( 2002 ) has argued that the East German state was defined by two dominant forces – Soviet Communism on the one hand, and German traditions filtered through the interwar experiences of German Communists on the other.

Between 1922 and 1991, the history of Russia is essentially the history of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically based state which was roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

The approach to the building of socialism, however, varied over different periods in Soviet history, from the mixed economy and diverse society and culture of the 1920s to the command economy and repressions of the Joseph Stalin era to the " era of stagnation " in the 1980s.

* Seventeen Moments in Soviet History ( An on-line archive of primary source materials on Soviet history.

The Soviet R-36 ( missile ) | R-36 ( SS-18 Satan ) is the largest ICBM in history, with a Throw weight of 8, 800 kg, twice that of Peacekeeper.

The first human spaceflight in history was accomplished on a derivative of R-7, Vostok, on 12 April 1961, by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.

A deeply modernized version of the R-7 is still used as the launch vehicle for the Soviet / Russian Soyuz spacecraft, marking more than 50 years of operational history of the original Sergei Korolyov's rocket design.

Germany violated the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941, opening the bloodiest theatre of war in history, the Eastern Front.

An increasingly nationalistic emphasis on Russian history and achievements became a salient feature of Soviet culture in the 1940s.

The ensuing Union victory was among the bloodiest in American history, but it enabled Lincoln to announce that he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January.

As Diggins concludes regarding the highly influential Cooper Union speech of early 1860, " Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself.

The ostensible reason was a report by XI Corps commander Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard that Doubleday's corps broke first, causing the entire Union line to collapse, but Meade also had a long history of disdain for Doubleday's combat effectiveness, dating back to South Mountain.

Furthermore, the history of a number of ongoing experiments in multiculturalism, such as in the European Union, India, South Africa, Canada and the United States, suggests that workable, if not perfected, integrative models exist.

The same is true of a massive history of the Union which Defoe published in 1709 and which some historians still treat as a valuable contemporary source for their own works.

Defoe took pains to give his history an air of objectivity by giving some space to arguments against the Union but always having the last word for himself.

* 1984 – Bhopal Disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, kills more than 3, 800 people outright and injures 150, 000 – 600, 000 others ( some 6, 000 of whom would later die from their injuries ) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.

In particular the flag has become a banner for pro-Europeanism outside the Union, for example in Georgia, where the flag is on most government buildings since the coming to power of Mikhail Saakashvili, who used it during his inauguration, stating: " European flag is Georgia ’ s flag as well, as far as it embodies our civilisation, our culture, the essence of our history and perspective, and our vision for the future of Georgia.

* Cooper Union history page

He was the first chancellor ( top official ) of the FRG, 1949 – 63, and until his death was the founder and leader of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ), a coalition of conservatives, ordoliberals, and adherents of Protestant and Catholic social teaching that dominated West Germany politics for most of its history.

It spans from prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and decline of a global empire, to the recent history of Spain as a member of the European Union.

On the Union, historian Simon Schama said " What began as a hostile merger, would end in a full partnership in the most powerful going concern in the world ... it was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history.

While France continues to revere its rich history and independence, French leaders increasingly tie the future of France to the continued development of the European Union.

In 1985, under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni, who led the Torinese team to thirteen official trophies in ten years until 1986, including six league titles and five international titles ; Juventus became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations: the European Champions ' Cup, the ( now-defunct ) Cup Winners ' Cup and the UEFA Cup ( the first Italian and Southern European side to win the tournament ).

In the 1632 series of alternate history novels, the Union of Kalmar is reunited by Gustav Adolf, King of Sweden, in 1634.

On only one occasion, during the military history of the Soviet Union, the Narodnoe Opolcheniye was incorporated into the regular forces of the Red Army, notably in Leningrad and Moscow.

The 140,414 Americans who gave `` the last full measure of devotion '' to prevent disunion, preserved individual freedom in the United States from the dangers of anarchy, inherent in confederations, which throughout history have proved fatal in the end to all associations composed primarily of sovereign states, and to the liberties of their people.

Driven from the marketplace by the course of history, our hero disguises himself as a private detective.

For paradigmatic history `` breaks '' rather than unfolds precisely when the movement is from order to disorder, and not from one order to a new order.

His own testimony is that he has read very little in the history of the South, implying that what he knows of that history has come to him orally and that he knows the world around him primarily from his own unassisted observation.

One might, indeed, argue that the history of ideas, in so far as it includes the literatures, must center on characterizations of human nature and that the great periods of literary achievement may be distinguished from one another by reference to the images of human nature that they succeed in fashioning.

The student of ideas and their place in history will always be concerned with the patterns of transition, which are at the same time patterns of transformation, whereby ideas pass from one area of activity to another.

In short order, the general history became his most popular work and has remained, aside from his later Social history, the work most widely favored by the public.

Both Alfred Harcourt and Donald Brace had written him enthusiastic praise of Elmer Gantry ( any changes could be made in proof, which was already coming from the printer ) and they had ordered 140,000 copies -- the largest first printing of any book in history.

What Krim ignores, in his contempt for history and for accuracy, is that these magazines, Partisan foremost, brought about a genuine revolution in the American mind from the mid-thirties to approximately 1950.

The decline of the Cunard line from its position of dominance in Atlantic travel is a significant development in the history of transportation.

Everything from poetry to phonetics, history to histrionics, philosophy to party games has been adapted to the turntable.

The removal of Stalin's body from the mausoleum he shared with Lenin to less distinguished quarters in the Kremlin wall is not unprecedented in history.

Even the `` history of furniture '' can hardly be taught exclusively from photographs and lantern slides.

You can relive history and follow, in fancy, the Crusaders in their quest for the Holy Grail as they sail out from Brindisi, an ancient town in the heel of Italy's boot.

It is an understandable paradox that most American history and most American literature is today written from an essentially egocentric and isolationistic point of view at the very time America is spreading her dominion over palm and pine.

Rep. Henry C. Grover, who teaches history in the Houston public schools, would reduce from 24 to 12 semester hours the so-called `` teaching methods '' courses required to obtain a junior or senior high school teaching certificate.

Existence is created and willed by God and is not the consequence of a pre-existent rebellion or of a cosmic descent from eternity into history.

With this act of disobedience, and not with the inception of his individual existence, man began the downward circuit on the spiral of history, descending from the created capacity for immortality to an inescapable mortality.

They speak of the work of Christ as the bestowal of incorruptibility, which can mean ( though it does not have to mean ) deliverance from time and history.

for it teaches salvation from, not salvation in, time and history.

That is why it is so very important that ethical analysis keep clear the problem of decision as to `` permitted '' effects, and not draw back in fright from any conceivable contingency or suffer paralysis of action before possibilities or probabilities unrelated, or not directly morally related, to what we can and may and must do as long as human history endures.

George Kennan's account of relations between Russia and the West from the fall of Tsarism to the end of World War 2, is the finest piece of diplomatic history that has appeared in many years.