This hypothesis, published in The Sanscrit Language ( 1786 ), would later be hailed as the discovery of the Indo-European language family, from which grew the field of Indo-European studies.

A statistically significant result ( when a probability ( p-value ) is less than a threshold ( significance level )) justifies the rejection of the null hypothesis.

To test the hypothesis that all treatments have exactly the same effect, the F-test's p-values closely approximate the permutation test's p-values: The approximation is particularly close when the design is balanced.

Power analysis can assist in study design by determining what sample size would be required in order to have a reasonable chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.

A dismissive allusion in the text to the " wealth of Hungary " has suggested the hypothesis that it was written after 1184, at the time when Bela III of Hungary had sent to the French court a statement of his income and had proposed marriage to Marie's sister Marguerite of France, but before 1186, when his proposal was accepted.

It had been pointed out previously by J. J. Thomson in his series of lectures at Yale University in May 1903 that the dynamic equilibrium between the velocity generated by a concentration gradient given by Fick's law and the velocity due to the variation of the partial pressure caused when ions are set in motion " gives us a method of determining Avogadro's Constant which is independent of any hypothesis as to the shape or size of molecules, or of the way in which they act upon each other ".

According to the " kindling " hypothesis, when people who are genetically predisposed toward bipolar disorder experience stressful events, the stress threshold at which mood changes occur becomes progressively lower, until the episodes eventually start ( and recur ) spontaneously.

The cosmic censorship hypothesis rules out the formation of such singularities, when they are created through the gravitational collapse of realistic matter.

In the years when the Deccan Traps hypothesis was linked to a slower extinction, Luis Alvarez ( who died in 1988 ) replied that paleontologists were being misled by sparse data.

Sometimes a conjecture is called a hypothesis when it is used frequently and repeatedly as an assumption in proofs of other results.

The original versions of his papers contained " many technical errors of varying degree "; when the collection was first published, the errors were corrected and it was found that this could be done without major changes in the statements of the theorems, with one exception — a claimed proof of the Continuum hypothesis.

However, in 2009, this hypothesis was disproved when DNA analysis identified the Falkland Island wolf's closest living relative as the Maned Wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus )— an unusually long-legged, fox-like South American canid, from which it separated about 6. 7 million years ago.

Another hypothesis for the origin of the term dates back to 1907, " when John Brandtjen convinced two young machinists from Oslo, Norway named Abel and Eneval Kluge to service and install presses for his fledgling printing equipment firm " ( see external link, history of the Kluge Platen Press ).

Larmor and Lorentz, who believed the luminiferous ether hypothesis, were seeking the transformation under which Maxwell's equations were invariant when transformed from the ether to a moving frame.

The evidence for this hypothesis is the lack of inflation in the English economy until the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars when paper money was extensively used.

Hormone replacement therapy has favorable effects on serum cholesterol levels, and when initiated immediately upon menopause may reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease, although this hypothesis has yet to be tested in randomized trials.

It is, indeed, obvious that the presence of gemmules in the blood can form no necessary part of my hypothesis ; for I refer in illustration of it to the lowest animals, such as the Protozoa, which do not possess blood or any vessels ; and I refer to plants in which the fluid, when present in the vessels, cannot be considered as true blood.

This idea was initially disputed by another Swiss scientist, Louis Agassiz, but when he undertook to disprove it, he ended up affirming his colleague's hypothesis.

In 1996, Thomas Lehman and Langston rejected the scavenging hypothesis, pointing out that the lower jaw bent so strongly downwards that even when it closed completely a gap of over five centimeters remained between it and the upper jaw, very different from the hooked beaks of specialized scavenging birds.

In this model, the RNA world hypothesis, cellular organisms adopted the more chemically stable DNA when retroviruses evolved to create DNA from the RNA templates.

The hypothesis of innocence is only rejected when an error is very unlikely, because one doesn't want to convict an innocent defendant.

: Uniformity of rate ( or Gradualism ) is what most people ( including geologists ) think of when they hear the word " uniformitarianism ," confusing this hypothesis with the entire definition.

The weight of evidence is the logarithm of the Bayes factor, which in this case is simply the factor by which the odds of the hypothesis changes when the observation is made.

An early supporter of this hypothesis was Sir Montagu Sharpe KC DL, a local historian and a member of the Society of Antiquaries.

By his method of observation and induction as thus explained, his philosophy will be found to be marked off very clearly, on the one hand from the deductive construction of notions of an absolute system, as represented either by Schelling or Hegel, which Cousin regards as based simply on hypothesis and abstraction, illegitimately obtained ; and on the other, from that of Kant, and in a sense, of Sir W. Hamilton, both of which in the view of Cousin are limited to psychology, and merely relative or phenomenal knowledge, and issue in scepticism so far as the great realities of ontology are concerned.

Known also as the tidal disruption or tidal filament hypothesis, this conception of how our solar system formed was proposed in 1918 by two British scientists, Sir James Jeans and Sir Harold Jeffreys.

The first major inquiry into the lexical hypothesis was made by Sir Francis Galton.

Sir Abney was able to prove his hypothesis experimentally by matching his experimental values of percentage composition and luminosities of red, green, and blue sensations to the calculated values almost exactly.

The Gaia hypothesis, a class of scientific models of the geo-biosphere pioneered by Sir James Lovelock in 1975, argues that life as a whole fosters and maintains suitable conditions for itself by helping to create a planetary environment suitable for its continuity.

Named after the Greek goddess Gaia at the suggestion of novelist William Golding, the hypothesis postulates that the biosphere has a regulatory effect on the Earth's environment that acts to sustain life.

A related early idea was Prout's hypothesis, formulated by English chemist William Prout, who proposed that the hydrogen atom was the fundamental atomic unit.

The hypothesis that the Ancient Roman custom of crucifixion may have developed out of a primitive custom of arbori suspendere — hanging on an arbor infelix ( unfortunate tree ) dedicated to the gods of the nether world — is rejected by William A. Oldfather, who shows that this form of execution ( the supplicium more maiorum, punishment in accordance with the custom of our ancestors ) consisted of suspending someone from a tree, not dedicated to any particular gods, and flogging him to death.

* 1849 – William John Macquorn Rankine calculates the correct relationship between saturated vapour pressure and temperature using his hypothesis of molecular vortices

A common misconception is that they were so named because they were sold for the price of a guinea coin ; this hypothesis is untenable, because the guinea was first struck in England in 1663, and William Harvey used the term " Ginny-pig " as early as 1653.

The hypothesis that the troubadour tradition was created, more or less, by William after his experience of Moorish arts while fighting with the Reconquista in Spain was also championed by Ramón Menéndez Pidal in the early twentieth-century, but its origins go back to the Cinquecento and Giammaria Barbieri ( died 1575 ) and Juan Andrés ( died 1822 ).

He began research under the supervision of Ernest William Barnes, who suggested that he attempt to prove the Riemann hypothesis: Littlewood showed that if the Riemann hypothesis is true then the Prime Number Theorem follows and obtained the error term.

His results disproved the hypothesis of the English physicist William Prout that all atomic weights must be integral multiples of that of hydrogen.

At the same time, scientist Luis Walter Alvarez put forth his hypothesis that a large extraterrestrial body had struck Earth and, unaware of Penfield's discovery, in 1981 University of Arizona graduate student Alan R. Hildebrand and faculty adviser William V. Boynton published a draft Earth-impact theory and sought a candidate crater.

Confirmation of this hypothesis had to wait another hundred years, when William Huggins ( assisted by his wife Mary Huggins ) turned his spectroscope on various nebulae.

James Lovelock gave this name to his hypothesis after a suggestion from the novelist William Golding, who was living in the same village as Lovelock at the time ( Bowerchalke, Wiltshire, UK ).

When William Gilbert published de Magnete in 1600, he concluded that the Earth is magnetic and proposed the first hypothesis for the origin of this magnetism: permanent magnetism such as that found in lodestone.

Whereas the focus there is on philosophy and integration with the theories created within knowledge management – a holistic approach – the focus of PIM research is on collecting statistically relevant data to support the core hypothesis of PIM ( see for example the work of Steve Whittaker ), and on creating and validating tools for PIM ( see works by William Jones or David Karger ).

) The best-known form of this hypothesis — popularised by William S. Baring-Gould, who wrote " biographies " of both Sherlock Holmes and Nero Wolfe — holds that Wolfe is the offspring of Sherlock and Irene Adler.

The hypothesis of heat death stems from the ideas of William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who in the 1850s took the theory of heat as mechanical energy loss in nature ( as embodied in the first two laws of thermodynamics ) and extrapolated it to larger processes on a universal scale.

Arguing the early Anthropocene hypothesis, William Ruddiman claims that the Anthropocene, as defined by significant human impact on greenhouse gas emissions, began not in the industrial era, but 8, 000 years ago, as ancient farmers cleared forests to grow crops.

* William Prout anonymously publishes his hypothesis that the atomic weight of every element is an integer multiple of that of hydrogen.

The hypothesis that the troubador tradition was created, more or less, by William after his experience of Moorish arts while fighting with the Reconquista in Spain was also championed by Ramón Menéndez Pidal in the early twentieth-century, but its origins go back to the Cinquecento and Giammaria Barbieri ( died 1575 ) and Juan Andrés ( died 1822 ).

Burton Mack on the other hand supports the hypothesis of the Messianic secret first proposed by William Wrede.

William James ' hypothesis of pragmatism stems from the efficacy of religion.

The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Miklós Müller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote ( an archaea ), giving rise to a symbiotic association of two cells from which the first eukaryotic cell could have arisen.

Other names for evolutionary ideas used in this period include the development hypothesis ( one of the terms used by Darwin ) and the theory of regular gradation, used by William Chilton in the periodical press such as The Oracle of Reason.

In the 1920s, Norman Hastings built on Berry's hypothesis proposing Bury as the Ripper, and more recently William Beadle and Dundee librarian Euan Macpherson have published books and articles popularising Bury as a Ripper suspect.