By this method it was determined that the normal pressure exerted by a sample of polybutene ( molecular weight reported to be 770 ) was over half an atmosphere.

By making comparisons across cultural traditions ( time-based ) and cultural regions ( space-based ), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

By the summer of 1866 Johnson's method of restoring states to the Union by executive fiat, without safeguards for the Union Party or the freedmen, was in deep trouble.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By " computerizing " this method of communications, the name of the first BBS system was born: CBBS-Computerized Bulletin Board System.

By this method each bull can serve very many cows, so only a very few of the purebred dairy male calves are needed to provide bulls for breeding.

By regulating the processing parameters — especially the gases introduced, but also including the pressure the system is operated under, the temperature of the diamond, and the method of generating plasma — many different materials that can be considered diamond can be made.

By extension, the word for carrying or drawing a beer came to mean the serving of the beer and, in some senses, the act of drinking, or a drink of beer itself, regardless of serving method.

By comparing the length and intensity of various methods of therapies, it was proven that intensity is a better predictor of recovery than the method of therapy used.

By 1992, the standard method of locating someone's e-mail address was to find their organization's CCSO nameserver entry in Gopher, and query the nameserver.

By the 14th century however, on Mount Athos the terms Hesychasm and Hesychast refer to the practice and to the practitioner of a method of mental ascesis that involves the use of the Jesus Prayer assisted by certain psychophysical techniques.

By non-constructive Davis means that " a proof that there actually are mathematic entities satisfying certain conditions would have to provide a method to exhibit explicitly the entities in question.

By using this method students gain the big idea they're taught and later are more willing to learn and keep the specifics of the concept or theory taught.

By determining the intersection of the two hyperbolic curves identified by this method, a geographic fix can be determined.

By using this method, one can create a relatively secure password which would still be easily remembered.

By the end of the sixteenth century this had largely displaced the buon fresco method, and was used by painters such as Gianbattista Tiepolo or Michelangelo.

By default, the method with the most specific argument classes is chosen ; then in the order in which parent classes are named in the subclass definition.

Keyboard macros have in more recent times come to life as a method of exploiting the economy of massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG ) s. By tirelessly performing a boring, repetitive, but low risk action, a player running a macro can earn a large amount of the game's currency or resources.

By 2001, few lower-end printer models came with support for PostScript, largely due to growing competition from much cheaper non-PostScript ink jet printers, and new software-based methods to render PostScript images on the computer, making them suitable for any printer ; PDF, a descendant of PostScript, provides one such method, and has largely replaced PostScript as de facto standard for electronic document distribution.

By this definition, scientific refers to the empirical method of investigation.

By the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, practiced by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place.

By dividing Somalia's cities into specific quarters, the private sector has found a manageable method of providing cities with electricity.

By this method of zig-zagging into the wind, known as beating, it is possible to reach any upwind destination.

By sending messages to a method activation can ask questions like " who sent this message to me ".

By a straightforward reduction to the halting problem it is possible to prove that ( for any Turing complete language ) finding all possible run-time errors in an arbitrary program ( or more generally any kind of violation of a specification on the final result of a program ) is undecidable: there is no mechanical method that can always answer truthfully whether a given program may or may not exhibit runtime errors.

By careful analysis of the observation data, Johannes Kepler found the planets ' orbits to be not circular, but elliptical.

By applying such principles in an obvious way ( using repeated applications of modus ponens ), Holmes is able to infer from his observation that " the sides of Watson's shoes are scored by several parallel cuts " that:

By estimating the variable's magnitude and noting the time of observation a visual lightcurve can be constructed.

By the late 1860s, Degas had shifted from his initial forays into history painting to an original observation of contemporary life.

By giving a minimum rate he may have been allowing for errors in observation.

By observing how the Canadian dollar behaves against the US dollar, foreign exchange economists can indirectly observe internal behaviours and patterns in the US economy that could not be seen by direct observation.

By the above observation, the sequences form a partition of the whole of the disjoint union of A and B, hence it suffices to produce a bijection between the elements of A and B in each of the sequences separately.

By way of concrete illustration Herbart instances “ the common observation that the properties of things exist only under external conditions.

By virtue of these interpretive connections, the network can function as a scientific theory: From certain observational data, we may ascend, via an interpretive string, to some point in the theoretical network, thence proceed, via definitions and hypotheses, to other points, from which another interpretive string permits a descent to the plane of observation.

By our preliminary observation that identical payoffs imply that both portfolios must have the same price at a general time, the following relationship exists between the value of the various instruments:

By applying a certain velocity field to a small magnetic field, it can be determined through observation whether the magnetic field tends to grow or not in reaction to the applied flow.

In two of the books in which he appears — The Mysterious Affair at Styles and The ABC Murders — Hastings plays a prominent role in the resolution of the mystery, with a casual observation he makes at one point in the novel leading Poirot to realise the guilty party: By mentioning that Poirot had to straighten some spill holders and ornaments in Styles, he prompts Poirot to realise that someone had moved them, thus allowing Poirot to discover a crucial piece of evidence, and when he suggests that an incorrectly addressed letter revealing the latest crime in ABC Murders was addressed that way on purpose, Poirot realises that the letter had indeed been wrongly addressed deliberately so that it would not be received until after the murderer had committed his crime, revealing that the murderer had attached greater importance to that particular murder, and wanted to be certain that it was committed.

By 1961 the radio-interferometer calibration techniques developed for the spectroheliograph first allowed an antenna system, with 52 " fan beam, to equal the angular resolution of the human eye in one observation.

By 1984, Kohut's observation of patients led him to propose two additional forms of transference associated with self deficits: 1 ) the twinship and, 2 ) the merger transference.

By contrast, a researcher who seeks full contextual understanding of an individuals ' social actions may choose ethnographic participant observation or open-ended interviews.

By analyzing data from more observation posts, Mohorovičić concluded that the Earth has several layers above a core.

By April 1917, the Aéronautique Militaire had 2, 870 aircraft comprising 60 fighter and 20 bomber squadrons and 400 observation planes, yet, by October, an even more radical expansion to over 300 squadrons altogether was being proposed.

By the 15th, after various combats, GC II / 4 had only seven serviceable aircraft available for operations, yet their pilots distinguished themselves by shooting down one Heinkel He 111 bomber, four Bf 109s and, allegedly, a Henschel Hs 126 observation plane which had accidentally strayed into the combat area.

By this means he was able to remove himself from the direct observation of the Governor and his soldiers and at the same time was provided with a legitimate excuse for keeping a small boat.

* By mere observation,

By the time Voyager space probes reached Jupiter around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered ; while Themisto was observed in 1975, but due to insufficient initial observation data, it was lost until 2000.

By 1933 the military market picked up and Koolhoven increasingly built trainers and observation aircraft for the Dutch air force as well as several other countries.

By the end of the century, self-registering equipment came into use and the United States lead the meteorological world with 114 Class I ( automatic recording ) observation stations.

By the beginning of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive the Air Service AEF consisted of 32 squadrons ( 15 pursuit, 13 observation, and 4 bombing ) at the front, while by November 11, 1918, 45 squadrons ( 20 pursuit, 18 observation, and 7 bombardment ) had been assembled for combat.