The disease has also been shown to result from use of Human Growth Hormone obtained from the pituitary glands of persons who died from Creutzfeldt – Jakob Disease, though the known incidence of this cause is ( as of April 2004 ) quite small.

An increased incidence of pituitary adenomas has been reported in rats given synthetic salmon calcitonin for 1 year.

The incidence of genuine adult-onset GHD, normally due to pituitary tumours, is estimated at 10 per million.

Though much rarer, the incidence of insulin-producing tumors also rises with advancing age.

A variety of compounds are considered as epigenetic carcinogens — they result in an increased incidence of tumors, but they do not show mutagen activity ( toxic compounds or pathogens that cause tumors incident to increased regeneration should also be excluded ).

Toxicity tests by Dow Corning shows the solvent to increase the incidence of tumors in female rats ( no effects were seen in male rats ), but further research concluded that the effects observed in rats are not relevant to humans because the biological pathway that results in tumor formation is unique to rats.

In December 2007, the Massachusetts Department of Health released their report which concluded that it " appears unlikely that PAVE PAWS played a primary role in the incidence of Ewing family of tumors on Cape Cod.

Reliable and valid statistics on the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of malignant bone tumors are difficult to come by, particularly in the oldest ( those over 75 years of age ), because carcinomas that are widely metastatic to bone are rarely ever curable, biopsies to determine the origin of the tumor in cases like this are rarely done.

The IARC monographs conclude that mice with prolonged exposure to simulated environmental tobacco smoke, that is 6hrs a day, 5 days a week, for five months with a subsequent 4 month interval before dissection, will have significantly higher incidence and multiplicity of lung tumors than with control groups.

The incidence of second primary tumors ranges in studies from 9. 1 %< ref >

However, recent studies indicate that what seems to happen is a more complicated scenario: aneuploidy would drive a high incidence of tumorigenesis only when alterations in the levels of specific mitotic checkpoint components ( either reduction or overexpression ) in tissues is also inducing other defects able to predispose them to tumors.

In the 1970s, tumors causing symptoms were discovered in 2 out of 100, 000 people, while tumors discovered without causing symptoms occurred in 5. 7 out of 100, 000, for a total incidence of 7. 7 / 100, 000.

The exact incidence of glomus tumors is unknown.

F1-F4 females also showed an increased incidence of tumors and kidney disease.

Members of these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors.

Members within these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors.

Amantadine may have an increased incidence of tolerance with prolonged use and can cause psychosis, due to its additional effects on the dopamine system.

Memantine has a more targeted pharmacological profile for the glutamate system, reduced incidence of psychosis and may therefore be preferred for individuals who cannot tolerate amantadine.

In practice, the narrowing down of individual choice may be here principally aimed at reducing the incidence of specific coercion, rather than forcing on everybody some special sub-set of positive goals.

She described this condition in 1978 Estimates of the prevalence of this rare disorder have ranged from 1: 20, 000 to 1: 40, 000 births, though the incidence may be found to be greater as the syndrome becomes better recognized and new genetic evidence is discovered.

Normally, at oblique incidence, this layer can only reflect radio waves having frequencies lower than about 10 MHz and may contribute a bit to absorption on frequencies above.

Lesbians who view themselves with male standards of female beauty may experience lower self-esteem, eating disorders, and higher incidence of depression.

This Act was created to promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age ; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment ; to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment because in the face of rising productivity and affluence, older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs ; the setting of arbitrary age limits regardless of potential for job performance has become a common practice, and certain otherwise desirable practices may work to the disadvantage of older persons ; the incidence of unemployment, especially long-term unemployment with resultant deterioration of skill, morale, and employer acceptability is, relative to the younger ages, high among older workers ; their numbers are great and growing ; and their employment problems grave ; and the existence in industries affecting commerce, of arbitrary discrimination in employment because of age, burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce.

Hormone replacement therapy has favorable effects on serum cholesterol levels, and when initiated immediately upon menopause may reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease, although this hypothesis has yet to be tested in randomized trials.

In Tibet, polyandry has been outlawed since the Chinese takeover of the area, so it is difficult to measure the incidence of polyandry in what may have been the world's most " polyandrous " society.

In other parts of the world, most traditional societies have been drastically altered or destroyed, so the incidence of polyandry in the past may not be accurately known.

The incidence of taxation varies by system, and some systems may be viewed as progressive or regressive.

While the two drugs mentioned above are available over the counter in most countries, the effectiveness of these agents may decrease over time, and the incidence of next-day sedation is higher than for most of the newer prescription drugs.

Because of the high incidence of VTEs — as high as 26 %— a black box warning was added in the United States in 2006 to the package insert for thalidomide, indicating that patients with multiple myeloma who receive thalidomide-dexamethasone may benefit from concurrent thromboembolism prophylaxis or aspirin.

However, a newer study compared incidence rates of skull lesions and periosteal reaction in Triceratops and Centrosaurus and showed that these were consistent with Triceratops using its horns in combat and the frill being adapted as a protective structure, while lower pathology rates in Centrosaurus may indicate visual rather than physical use of cranial ornamentation, or a form of combat focused on the body rather than the head.

This phenomenon may maintain and possibly even increase the incidence of autosomal recessive disease.

Limited studies suggest that a high-lysine diet or L-lysine monochloride supplements may have a moderating effect on blood pressure and the incidence of stroke.

Vaccines currently in development may eventually become a critical part of the strategy to reduce the incidence and severity of diarrhea, particularly among children in low-resource settings.

Frank I Tovey and others have shown that there is a similar incidence of H. pylori in areas of India and the third world where ulcers are common and uncommon and has postulated that infection may only where dietary protective factors are missing or defenses are compromised.

* Mold — can cause bleeding in the lungs and a variety of other uncommon conditions that may be fatal ; the presence of mold correlates positively with increased incidence of SIDS.

A growing number of peer-reviewed, epidemiologic health studies suggest that the rising incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in recent decades may be at least partially due to incidental exposure to oganochlorines such as polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ).

In situations where the incidence of MRSA infections is known to be high, the attending physician may choose to use a glycopeptide antibiotic until the identity of the infecting organism is known.

Outdoor pig farming may also increase the incidence of worms and parasites in pigs.

Some patients may experience severe long-term cognitive decline following an episode of severe sepsis, but the absence of baseline neuropsychological data in most sepsis patients makes the incidence of this difficult to quantify or to study.

While the precise mechanism of action is still poorly understood, there is evidence that application of gel sheeting may reduce the incidence of abnormal scarring.

In addition, a detailed interspecies survey of the incidence of generalized pulmonary emphysema in mammals would be interesting and pertinent.

MAOIs can be as effective as tricyclic antidepressants, although they are generally used less frequently because they have a higher incidence of dangerous side effects and interactions.

If the object point be infinitely distant, all rays received by the first member of the system are parallel, and their intersections, after traversing the system, vary according to their perpendicular height of incidence, i. e. their distance from the axis.

If the object point O is infinitely distant, u1 and u2 are to be replaced by h1 and h2, the perpendicular heights of incidence ; the sine condition then becomes sin u ' 1 / h1 = sin u ' 2 / h2.

Routine immunization with BCG was withdrawn in 2005 because of falling cost-effectiveness: whereas in 1953, 94 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB, by 1988, the annual incidence of TB in the UK had fallen so much, 12, 000 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB.

" " Use of potent anti-HIV combination therapies has contributed to dramatic reductions in the incidence of AIDS and AIDS-related deaths in populations where these drugs are widely available, an effect which clearly would not be seen if antiretroviral drugs caused AIDS.

The third feature helps to boost the light emission from the semiconductor by acting as a diffusing lens, allowing light to be emitted at a much higher angle of incidence from the light cone than the bare chip is able to emit alone.

The annual incidence is approximately 5 / 100, 000, with a prevalence estimated to be 115 / 100, 000.

The incidence relation ( which points are on which lines ) can be given by the following incidence matrix.

As the angle of incidence increases, the " escape " distance of one side of the beam will decrease, and more secondary electrons will be emitted.

However, if the angle of incidence is greater ( i. e. the ray is closer to being parallel to the boundary ) than the critical angle – the angle of incidence at which light is refracted such that it travels along the boundary – then the light will stop crossing the boundary altogether and instead be totally reflected back internally.

* As a convolution operator: Via the formalism of incidence algebras, difference operators and other Möbius inversion can be represented by convolution with a function on the poset, called the Möbius function μ ; for the difference operator, μ is the sequence ( 1, − 1, 0, 0, 0, ...).

Other arguments for the iatrogenic position, include the lack of children diagnosed with DID, the sudden spike in incidence after 1980 ( although DID was not a diagnosis until DSM-IV, published in 1994 ), the absence of evidence of increased rates of child abuse, the appearance of the disorder almost exclusively in individuals undergoing psychotherapy, particularly involving hypnosis, the presences of bizarre alternate identities ( such as those claiming to be animals or mythological creatures ) and an increase in the number of alternate identities over time ( as well as an initial increase in their number as psychotherapy begins in DID-oriented therapy.

The Fresnel equations predict that light with the p polarization ( electric field polarized in the same plane as the incident ray and the surface normal ) will not be reflected if the angle of incidence is

For unpolarized light striking a surface at a certain optimum angle of incidence known as Brewster's angle, the reflected wave will be completely s-polarized.