Erasmus preferred to live the life of an independent scholar and made a conscious effort to avoid any actions or formal ties that might inhibit his freedom of intellect and literary expression.

Only as an independent scholar could he hope to influence the reform of religion.

However, the existence of a harmony independent of a collection of sayings for exposition purposes has been disputed by scholar Arthur Bellinzoni.

The German Institute for Media and Communication Policy, founded in 2005 by media scholar Lutz Hachmeister, is one of the few independent research institutions that is dedicated to issues surrounding media and communications policies.

He remained an independent scholar, unattached to a university or religious establishment-this independence became a hallmark of humanist scholars.

There are a multitude of scholarly opinions in each field ; however, these can be summarised as either derived from the four major schools of thought ( Madh ' hab ) or from an expert scholar who exercises independent derivation of Islamic Law ( ijtihad ).

Several months after qualifying as a lecturer in philosophy, Adorno delivered an inaugural lecture at the Institute for Social Research, an independent organization which had recently appointed Horkheimer as its director and, with the arrival of the literary scholar Leo Lowenthal, social psychologist Erich Fromm and philosopher Herbert Marcuse, sought to exploit recent theoretical and methodological advances in the social sciences.

The third category are scholar numismatists working in public collections, universities or as independent scholars acquiring knowledge about monetary devices, their systems, their economy and their historical context.

According to First Amendment scholar Floyd Abrams, the Act " was the first law barring unions and corporations from making independent expenditures in support of or opposition to federal candidates.

One scholar considers it to be inconceivable that independent oral tradition would have faithfully transmitted such a detail.

A distinction between single-firm and multi-firm conduct is fundamental to the structure of U. S. antitrust law, which, as noted antitrust scholar Phillip Areeda has pointed out, " contains a ' basic distinction between concerted and independent action.

Essay by independent scholar and NZ Listener columnist Brian Easton

An independent investigation of the event was undertaken by Russian politicians Sergei Yushenkov, Sergei Kovalev, journalist Anna Politkovskaya, Hoover Institute scholar John B. Dunlop, and former FSB officers Aleksander Litvinenko and Mikhail Trepashkin.

David Patrick Bernard Norris ( born 1 July 1944 ) is an Irish scholar, independent Senator, and gay and civil rights activist.

The Mentor-Disciple bond was commented on by an independent scholar in the field of religions: ” Karel Dobbelaere, former president of the International Society of Religion ... has observed that the Soka Gakkai is pervaded by mentor-disciple relationship.

From then onwards he worked as an independent radical scholar, producing a stream of scholarly works on Marxism and the workers ' movement.

Immanuel Velikovsky () ( 17 November 1979 ) was a Russian-Jewish psychiatrist and independent scholar, best known as the author of a number of controversial books reinterpreting the events of ancient history, in particular the US bestseller Worlds in Collision, published in 1950.

Pertti Klemola, a Finnish journalist and scholar, once called it a state authority, an institution with its own independent social and political will.

The English bishops were delighted to find that the great French scholar was a ready-made Anglican, who had arrived, by independent study of the Fathers, at the very via media ( middle way ) between Puritanism and Catholicism which was becoming the fashion in the English Church.

His lifelong friend, scholar and social reformer Charles Eliot Norton, described Child's father, a sailmaker, as " one of that class of intelligent and independent mechanics skilled craftsmen, which has had a large share of developing the character of our democratic community, as of old the same class had in Athens or in Florence .” The family was poor, but thanks to the city of Boston's system of free public schools, the boy was educated at the Boston's Grammar and English High Schools.

He led a simple life as an independent scholar who was devoted to researching the field of logic and related areas in philosophy, and never held a permanent position, earning a living by temporary teaching assignments at universities and night-schools.

Film scholar Saibal Chatterjee feels that Mother India was a " mirror of independent India ", highlighting problems of a nascent independent India like rural exploitation of farmers by money-lenders, in a dramatic fashion understandable to the common man.

He describes himself as an independent scholar.

For instance, the independent horror film Marianne was shot entirely on location in Sweden.

For instance, the independent horror film Marianne was shot entirely on location in Sweden.

He did mention in his column the fact that he had received many letters about this and he himself did not understand the networks and the independent local stations' not doing this -- but nothing happened.

The accuracy of measuring the total electrical energy entering an exploding wire during a few microseconds was verified when two independent types of comparison with the heat energy produced had an uncertainty of less than 2 percent.

The Fisher Body division, long controlled by the Fisher brothers under a voting trust even though General Motors owned a majority of its stock, followed an independent course for many years, but by 1947 and 1948 `` resistance had collapsed '' and its purchases from Du Pont `` compared favorably '' with purchases by other General Motors divisions.

To many a Frenchman -- they came 95 years ago, colonized, and stayed until Laos became independent in 1953 -- the land had been even more delightfully tranquil than Tahiti.

So, for all practical purposes, it was an independent nation and by now had its own organized government ( unrecognized outside its own borders ).

Newly independent Armenia needed the income from foreign sales of Nairit rubber and chemical products, many of which had been assigned exclusively to that plant under the Soviet system and were still unavailable elsewhere to the former Soviet republics in the early 1990s.

After James Prescott Joule had determined the mechanical equivalent of heat, Lord Kelvin approached the question from an entirely different point of view, and in 1848 devised a scale of absolute temperature which was independent of the properties of any particular substance and was based solely on the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.

great ) was subordinate to the priestly ensi, and was appointed at times of troubles, but by later dynastic times, it was the lugal who had emerged as the preeminent role, having his own " é " (= house ) or " palace ", independent from the temple establishment.

Johnson's vintage independent streak put him very much at odds with professional military commanders, including Gen. Don Carlos Buell who left Nashville defenseless when he had to reinforce Grant at the Battle of Shiloh.

Similar small skirmishes with independent Viking raiders would have occurred for much of the period as they had for decades.

In Peru and Rio de la Plata many powerful figures proposed an American Monarchy such as those who wanted an independent Peruvian king of the still alive Inca Royal House, and those who requested a Prince of the Spanish house of Bourbon to come and rule directly in Lima, Mexico City or Bogota, as the Portuguese House of Orleans-Braganza had done in Rio de Janeiro.

* 1849 – After a month-long siege, Venice, which had declared itself independent as the Republic of San Marco, surrenders to Austria.

An independent Athens was a minor power in the Hellenistic age ; it rarely had much in the way of foreign policy ; it generally remained at peace, allied either with the Ptolemaic dynasty, or later, with Rome ; when it went to war, the result ( as in the Lamian, Chremonidean, and Mithridatic War ) was usually disastrous.

One independent group which had been active in NFL exhibition promotions in Atlanta applied for franchises in both the American Football League and the NFL, acting entirely on its own with no guarantee of stadium rights.

The early a cappella polyphonies may have had an accompanying instrument, although this instrument would merely double the singers ' parts and was not independent.

While the Freien Ämter often had independent lower courts, they were forced to accept the Confederation's sovereignty.

To the south in Ifriqiya, the Fatimids had created an independent caliphate that threatened to attract the allegiance of the Muslim population, who had suffered under the harsh rule of Abdullah.

" A formal defection of this kind was then noted in the register of the person's baptism, an annotation that, like those of marriage or ordination, was independent of the fact of the baptism and was not an actual " debaptism ", even if the person who formally defected from the Catholic Church had also defected from the Christian religion.

Despite the failure of Philip's Bastarnae strategy, the suspicion aroused by these events in the Roman Senate, which had been warned by the Dardani of the Bastarnae invasion, ensured the demise of Macedonia as an independent state.

While " there is an intentional editorial unity with a cohesive purpose and message in the canonical form of the book ," Job contains many separate elements, some of which may have had an independent existence prior to being incorporated into the present text.

It had been pointed out previously by J. J. Thomson in his series of lectures at Yale University in May 1903 that the dynamic equilibrium between the velocity generated by a concentration gradient given by Fick's law and the velocity due to the variation of the partial pressure caused when ions are set in motion " gives us a method of determining Avogadro's Constant which is independent of any hypothesis as to the shape or size of molecules, or of the way in which they act upon each other ".

Boudica's husband Prasutagus, ruler of the Iceni tribe, who had ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome, left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and the Roman Emperor in his will.

Selig decided to uphold the 20 games, however, an independent arbitrator ruled that Selig had exceeded his authority and reduced it to 13 games, but upheld the fine.

Dr. Chaim Weizmann wrote in his autobiography Trial and Error that Palestine had been excluded from the areas that should have been Arab and independent.