Most lossless compression programs do two things in sequence: the first step generates a statistical model for the input data, and the second step uses this model to map input data to bit sequences in such a way that " probable " ( e. g. frequently encountered ) data will produce shorter output than " improbable " data.

The approach has several features that make it unique: the models are implemented as computer programs, which enables clear-cut and quantitative predictions to be made ; they learn from naturalistic input, made of actual child-directed utterances ; they produce actual utterances, which can be compared with children's utterances ; and they have simulated phenomena in several languages, including English, Spanish, and German.

During the 1980s, macro programs – originally SmartKey, then SuperKey, KeyWorks, Prokey – were very popular, first as a means to automatically format screenplays, then for a variety of user input tasks.

These programs were based on the TSR ( Terminate and stay resident ) mode of operation and applied to all keyboard input, no matter in which context it occurred.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it.

In case of a console program, dedicating a separate thread for waiting on each source of events made it difficult to properly release all the input devices before starting other programs in the same " session ".

As a result, console programs usually polled the keyboard and the mouse alternately, which resulted in wasted CPU and a characteristic " jerky " reactivity to user input.

Besides the difference in memory referencing described above, supervisor-mode programs can execute input / output operations.

Since we've assumed that we can infallibly identify programs for computing squares, we can determine whether t, which depends on a and i, is such a program, and that for every a and i ; thus we have obtained a program that decides whether program a halts on input i. Note that our halting-decision algorithm never executes t, but only passes its description to the squaring-identification program, which by assumption always terminates ; since the construction of the description of t can also be done in a way that always terminates, the halting-decision cannot fail to halt either.

A sound card ( also known as an audio card ) is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs.

These programs transform certain parts of a document into troff input, fitting naturally into the use of " pipelines " in Unix — sending the output of one program as the input to another ( see pipes and filters ).

This is in contrast to " online " or interactive programs which prompt the user for such input.

Its most common use today is to cause a Unix tty driver to signal end of file and thus exit programs that are awaiting input.

JSP and Warnier's method both structure programs and data using only sequences, iterations and selections, so they essentially create programs that are parsers for regular expressions which simultaneously match the program's input and output data streams.

One typical feature of the structure of JSP programs is that they have several input operations distributed throughout the code in contrast to programs designed using stepwise refinement, which tend to have only one input operation.

The output is said to be a preprocessed form of the input data, which is often used by some subsequent programs like compilers.

So programs asking for any input or output automatically paused while the operation completed, a task that normally required the operating system to handle as the arbiter of hardware.

Userland usually refers to the various programs and libraries that the operating system uses to interact with the kernel: software that performs input / output, manipulates file system objects, etc.

* Argument ( computer science ), a piece of data provided as input to a subroutine

Typically, when an algorithm is associated with processing information, data is read from an input source, written to an output device, and / or stored for further processing.

A reinforcement learning algorithm is used to maximize future expected reward by learning to execute action sequences that cause additional interesting input data with yet unknown but learnable predictability or regularity.

The person could then input that data into the Oki 900 phone and reboot it, after which the phone network could not distinguish the Oki from the original phone whose signal had been received.

By sweeping this surface through R < sup > 3 </ sup > as a function of the ion sequence input data, such as via ion-ordering, a volume is generated onto which positions the 2D detector positions can be computed and placed three-dimensional space.

These test cases must each be accompanied by test case input data or a formal description of the operational activities ( or both ) to be performed — intended to thoroughly exercise the specific case — and a formal description of the expected results.

The acceptance test suite is run against the supplied input data or using an acceptance test script to direct the testers.

The brainfuck language uses a simple machine model consisting of the program and instruction pointer, as well as an array of at least 30, 000 byte cells initialized to zero ; a movable data pointer ( initialized to point to the leftmost byte of the array ); and two streams of bytes for input and output ( most often connected to a keyboard and a monitor respectively, and using the ASCII character encoding ).

Modern encryption methods can be divided by two criteria: by type of key used, and by type of input data.

Ciphers can be distinguished into two types by the type of input data:

In the case of HTTP PUT or POSTs, the user-submitted data is provided to the program via the standard input.

An asynchronous ( ripple ) counter is a single JK-type flip-flop, with its J ( data ) input fed from its own inverted output.

For most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input.

Bulk native loaders for input data and bulk SQL passes for aggregation are the norm.

Often when the processing requirement is not real-time, processing is economically done with an existing general-purpose computer and the signal data ( either input or output ) exists in data files.

Assuming a compression algorithm that shrinks the input data by a factor of CF, the bit rate and video size would equal to:

* Use a form to capture user input, and then process and respond to that data without having to send data back to the server.

Application of EBM data therefore depends on patient circumstances and preferences, and medical treatment remains subject to input from personal, political, philosophical, ethical, economic, and esthetic values.

The calculations require a constant input of meteorological data, collected by satellites and earth observation systems such as automatic and manned stations, aircraft, ships and weather balloons.

Three passes were required to translate source code to the " IT " language, then to compile the IT statements into SOAP assembly language, and finally to produce the object program, which could then be loaded into the machine to run the program ( using punched cards for data input, and outputting results onto punched cards ).

** Filter ( Unix ), a program that gets most of its data from its standard input ( the main input stream ) and writes its main results to its standard output ( the main output stream )

The luminous gain of the discussed tube was calculated from Eq. ( 6 ) for the 16 possible combinations of S-11 and S-20 photocathodes and P-11 and P-20 phosphor screens, for night light and P-20 light input.

( The largest problem that could be solved without the use of the intermediate output and input was two simultaneous equations, a trivial problem.

Primary user input was decimal, via standard IBM 80 column punched cards and output was decimal, via a front panel display.

According to linguist Bruce Moore, " the major input of the various sounds that went into constructing the Australian accent was from south-east England.

The Apple II disk operating system, known simply as DOS, thus intercepted all input typed at the BASIC command prompt to determine whether it was a DOS command.

) were also backward compatible, which is often the case, then, by induction, version N will also accept input that worked under any prior version after, and including, the latest one that was not backward compatible.

BeOS used Unicode as the default encoding in the GUI, though support for input methods such as bidirectional text input was never realized.

This device had input and output circuits and was used to demonstrate its use as a shift register and as a crude eight pixel linear imaging device.

A Bourne shell-compatible command interpreter, such as bash, was needed and in turn a fork system call emulation and standard input / output.

In the very first control relationships, a current output was represented with a voltage control input.

The possibility of a digital planned economy was explored by Chile with the creation of Project Cybersyn, the project was a success in many ways but due to the lack of computer technology and need for constant human input was limited in comparison to modern and more advanced technology.

Above the control panel was the system's standard input / output solution, a punch tape reader and writer.

The editors of the movement — such as Werner Nold, Charlotte Zwerin, Muffie Myers, Susan Froemke, and Ellen Hovde — are often overlooked, but their input to the films was so vital that they were often given co-director credits.

It was a conflict between certain knowledge, independent of experiment, and empiricism, requiring experimental input.

* James Martin's version of Information Engineering systems development methodology was automated to allow the input of the results of system analysis and design in the form of data flow diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, entity life history diagrams etc.

The command structure of the armed forces was a hodgepodge of Congressional appointees ( and Congress sometimes made those appointments without Washington's input ) with state-appointments filling the lower ranks and of all of the militia-officers.

Other theories have proposed an even more substantial input in the Early Bronze Age than was previously thought.

It was a general-purpose programmable computer, employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power, using the positions of gears and shafts to represent numbers.

It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete.