American revolutionary Thomas Paine advocated a basic income guarantee to all US citizens as compensation for " loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property " ( Agrarian Justice, 1795 ).

In 9 November 2005, supporters of Al Wefaq claimed to have organised Bahrain's largest ever demonstration with 120, 000 protesting against the introduction of the Personal Status Law, and for the maintenance of each religious group having their own divorce and inheritance laws.

Consequently there have developed several forms of grants-in-aid and shared taxes, as well as the unrestricted grant to local governments for general purposes whose adoption accompanied the introduction of a sales tax at the state level.

Since the constitution forbids introduction of a tax bill at a fiscal session, the administration will either have to cut down expenses or inflate its estimates of anticipated revenues.

The strategy for introducing the new GST tax was to fill a ' black hole ' in the budget that was created by the introduction of a new 0 / 10 tax that replaced the old tax system that previously exempted foreign investors from corporation tax and levied a 20 % rate on Jersey residents.

" A prime element of Laar's program was introduction of the flat tax.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

In 1985, Keating championed introduction of a broad-based consumption tax, similar to the goods and services tax ( GST ) of the Howard government.

Margaret Thatcher's party forced her from power after the introduction of the poll tax ; Sir Anthony Eden fell from power following the Suez Crisis ; and Neville Chamberlain resigned in 1940 after the Allies were forced to retreat from Norway, as he believed a government supported by all parties was essential, and the Labour and Liberal parties would not join a government headed by him.

The introduction of a poll tax in medieval England was the primary cause of the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt.

The introduction of a tax causes the price received by the seller to be less than the cost to the buyer by the amount of the tax.

Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.

* The introduction of additional tax reforms that lowered the tax burden on low-income households, and which played an important role “ in pre-empting a real decline in the income and purchasing power of workers ”.

* The introduction of several policy changes between 1976 and 1982, such as tax credits and family allowances, which compensated unions for wage restraint and “ guaranteed the maintenance of a constant income level for employed persons and their families ”.

* The introduction of a special tax credit ( 1978 ) in cases of particular financial burden due to children.

On 11 November, Callaghan gave his first budget and announced increases in income tax, petrol tax and the introduction of a new capital gains tax, actions which most economists deemed necessary to take the heat out of the balance and sterling deficit, though international bankers disagreed.

The Fijian garment industry has developed rapidly since the introduction of tax exemptions in 1988.

Fiscal reforms, including the introduction of a value-added tax and reform of the customs service, have improved the government's revenue collection abilities.

Highly progressive income taxes, the introduction of value-added tax, and a wide variety of special surcharges and taxes made Norway one of the most heavily taxed economies in the world.

Never before has the introduction of a weapon caused so much apprehension and fear.

The introduction for the vocal part of the symphony caused many difficulties for Beethoven.

Growth was limited by economic conditions caused by the great depression but thanks in part to the introduction of the metal can in 1936 Budweiser ’ s sales began to climb again.

The introduction of the rear window caused in most models a loss of cruise speed due to the extra drag, while not adding any useful visibility.

However, the sulfur content of traditional gunpowders caused corrosion problems with Cordite Mk I and this led to the introduction of a range of sulfur-free gunpowders, of varying grain sizes.

Opportunistic disease may be caused by microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the host, such as pathogenic bacteria or fungi in the gastrointestinal or the upper respiratory tract, and they may also result from ( otherwise innocuous ) microbes acquired from other hosts ( as in Clostridium difficile colitis ) or from the environment as a result of traumatic introduction ( as in surgical wound infections or compound fractures ).

The destruction caused by the fighting and the longer-term consequences of the introduction of modern materials, machinery and western cultural artefacts, transformed traditional isolated island ways of life.

In 2008, the introduction of V6R1 caused similar problems, although this time IBM preferred to call it a " refresh ".

The slight change in line impedance caused by the introduction of a tap or splice will show up on the screen of a TDR when connected to a phone line.

The variations in widespread birds across geographical region caused the introduction of trinomial names.

But psychosurgery went into rapid decline in the 1950s, due to the introduction of new drugs and a growing awareness of the long-term damage caused by the operations, as well as doubts about its efficacy.

They include acid drainage induced by the sudden rapid exposure and subsequent oxidation of formerly buried materials, the introduction of metals including mercury into surface-water and groundwater, increased erosion, sulfur-gas emissions, and air pollution caused by the production of particulates during processing, transport, and support activities.

; Infection: Unfortunately, the introduction of anesthetics encouraged more surgery, which inadvertently caused more dangerous patient post-operative infections.

The modernization of the tactical nuclear forces by the introduction of the neutron bomb and cruise missiles caused deep divisions.

Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by a change in the ecology of the host population ( e. g. increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species ), a genetic change in the parasite population or the introduction of a new parasite to a host population ( by movement of parasites or hosts ).

In the short term, the introduction of live sound recording caused major difficulties in production.

This caused more wear on the wooden rollers of the wagons and towards the middle of the 18th century, led to the introduction of iron wheels, the use of which is recorded on a wooden railway near Bath in 1734.

* In the early 1990s, the introduction of CD-ROM computer drives caused hype about a multimedia revolution that would bring interactive entertainment to the masses.

The introduction of radial railway lines from 1839 caused a fundamental shift away from agricultural supply for London towards large scale house building.

The introduction in 1543 of firearms in the form of the matchlock ( tanegashima ) caused a great decrease in the appearance of the naginata on the battlefield.

It has been suggested that this, and the contemporary change in material culture of the Britons ( such as the introduction of coinage and cemeteries and an increase in craft industries ), was caused by increased interaction with the Roman Empire.

Although it was a huge hit at introduction ( watched by almost 1 in 4 households according to official ratings during that time period ), the onset of the Gulf War caused NBC to continually preempt or reschedule the episodes resulting in declining ratings.

A higher " potential alcohol " reading on this scale is caused by a greater specific gravity, assumed to be caused by the introduction of dissolved sugars.