Geophysically, the state of the ionospheric plasma may be described by four parameters: electron density, electron and ion temperature and, since several species of ions are present, ionic composition.

* In electrochemistry, lambda also denotes the ionic conductance of a given ion ( The composition of the ion is generally shown as a subscript to the lambda character ).

Experimental conditions that can affect the efficiency and specificity of hybridization include ionic strength, viscosity, duplex length, mismatched base pairs, and base composition.

It acts as a dependable reflector of radio signals as it is not affected by atmospheric conditions, although its ionic composition varies with the sunspot cycle.

In addition to copolymerization with alpha-olefins, ethylene can also be copolymerized with a wide range of other monomers and ionic composition that creates ionized free radicals.

Bogs receive their water from the atmosphere and therefore their water has low mineral ionic composition because ground water has a higher concentration of dissolved nutrients and minerals in comparison to precipitation.

The micropipettes are filled with a solution that has a similar ionic composition to the intracellular fluid of the cell.

The ionic composition of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma vary due to the Gibbs-Donnan effect.

The endocardial endothelium may also act as a kind of blood-heart barrier ( analogous to the blood – brain barrier ), thus controlling the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid in which the cardiomyocytes bathe.

The interior of the pipette is filled with a solution matching the ionic composition of the bath solution, as in the case of cell-attached recording, or the cytoplasm for whole-cell recording.

Using aqueous electrodes introduces undefined, variable, and unmeasurable junction potentials to the cell in the form of a liquid-liquid junction as well as different ionic composition between the reference compartment and the rest of the cell.

Marine invertebrates ( e. g. Squids ) and ascidians ( sea squirts-primitive chordates ) generally have body fluids that are isoosmotic and have the same ionic composition as water, therefore they do not expend any energy for osmoregulation.

Long-term studies are carried out on changes in the ionic composition of the water of rivers, lakes and reservoirs in connection with acid rain and fertilisation.

Schematic illustration of a microdialysis probe The probe is continuously perfused with an aqueous solution ( perfusate ) that closely resembles the ( ionic ) composition of the surrounding tissue fluid at a low flow rate of approximately 0. 1-5μL / min.

The ionic composition of perilymph is comparable to that of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.

Whereas the usual organic surface-active agent is strongly sorbed at oil - water interfaces, the highly charged ions are most strongly sorbed at interfaces between water and insoluble materials exhibiting an ionic structure ( see Table 26-2 on p. 1678 ).

That ionic suffix is dropped and replaced with a new suffix ( and sometimes prefix ), according to the table below.

In the IUPAC naming system, " aqueous " is simply added to the name of the ionic compound.

Chemically, astatine behaves more or less as a halogen, being expected to form ionic astatides with alkali or alkaline earth metals ; it is known to form covalent compounds with nonmetals, including other halogens.

The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) for silicon in the structure, in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius, and, to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low.

In chemistry, an alkali (; from Arabic: al-qaly القلي, القالي ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal element.

The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation state ( s ), coordination number, and preferred types of bonds to form ( e. g., metallic, ionic, covalent ).

Calcium is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the human body, where it is a common cellular ionic messenger with many functions, and serves also as a structural element in bone.

The CsCl structure is preferred because Cs < sup >+</ sup > has an ionic radius of 174 pm and 181 pm.

In continuum mechanics a body is considered stress-free if the only forces present are those inter-atomic forces ( ionic, metallic, and van der Waals forces ) required to hold the body together and to keep its shape in the absence of all external influences, including gravitational attraction.

In a simplified view of an ionic bond, the bonding electron is not shared at all, but transferred.

If we take the simple valence bond structure and mix in all possible covalent and ionic structures arising from a particular set of atomic orbitals, we reach what is called the full configuration interaction wave function.

A column of the ionic order is nine or lower diameters.

The naming of ionic carbides is not systematic.

For historical reasons, many point defects, especially in ionic crystals, are called centers: for example a vacancy in many ionic solids is called a luminescence center, a color center, or F-center.

A vacancy ( or pair of vacancies in an ionic solid ) is sometimes called a Schottky defect.

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor ( a metal or a semiconductor ) and an ionic conductor ( the electrolyte ), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution.

Formally, oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100 % ionic.

The attraction of the differently charged sodium and chlorine ions is the reason they then form an ionic bond.

The simplest ionic conduction path is to provide a liquid junction.

According to valence bond theory, of which Pauling was a notable proponent, this " additional stabilization " of the heteronuclear bond is due to the contribution of ionic canonical forms to the bonding.

The covalent energy of a bond is approximately, by quantum mechanical calculations, the geometric mean of the two energies of covalent bonds of the same molecules ( which is approximately equal to the arithmetic mean-which is applied in the first formula above-as the energies are of the similar value, except for the highly electropositive elements i. e. when there is a larger difference of two dissociation energies, but the geometric mean is more accurate and almost always gives a positive excess energy, due to ionic bonding ), and there is an additional energy that comes from ionic factors, i. e. polar character of the bond.

That same year, Walther Kossel put forward a theory similar to Lewis ' only his model assumed complete transfers of electrons between atoms, and was thus a model of ionic bonds.

Lithium has a diagonal relationship with magnesium, an element of similar atomic and ionic radius.

Many ionic compounds can be dissolved in water or other similar solvents.

Besides lead, all atoms with electrical charge and ionic radius similar to bivalent calcium,

Andrew Mellon, who served as United States Secretary of the Treasury, specified to Janssen a building with a monumental ionic colonnade similar to the Treasury Building in Washington, D. C ..

The ionic mechanism of oxidative addition is similar to the SN < sub > 2 </ sub > type in that it involves the stepwise addition of two distinct ligand fragments.

It is very similar, though not identical to, Hartmann's solution, which is more commonly found in British hospitals and has slightly different ionic concentrations.

Ion-dipole and dipole-dipole bonds have similar interactions, but are more complicated and are weaker than ionic bonds.

The most studied trace and isotopic signatures are strontium due to the same charge and similar ionic radius to calcium ; however, scientists can study multiple trace elements within an otolith to discriminate more specific signatures.