No judges presided over the courts nor did anyone give legal direction to the jurors ; magistrates had only an administrative function and were laymen.

The case of " beauty " is different from mere " agreeableness " because, " If he proclaims something to be beautiful, then he requires the same liking from others ; he then judges not just for himself but for everyone, and speaks of beauty as if it were a property of things.

The book records the first 39 years of what the Nephites termed " the reign of the judges ", a period in which the Nephite nation adopted a constitutional theocratic government in which the judicial and executive branches of the government were combined.

c. The Harts posed the following question to a panel of 96 experts, half of which were veterinary surgeons and the other half dog obedience trial judges:

Some scholars have inferred that the minor judges were actual adjudicators, whereas the major judges were leaders and didn't actually make legal judgements.

These were submitted to the Nobel Committee's surprised judges just ahead of the deadline.

The other judges were John Toohey QC, a former Justice of the High Court of Australia who had worked on Aboriginal issues ( he replaced New Zealander Sir Edward Somers QC, who retired from the Inquiry in 2000 for personal reasons ), and Mr Justice William Hoyt QC, former Chief Justice of New Brunswick and a member of the Canadian Judicial Council.

Additionally, from at least the 11th century and continuing for several centuries after that, there were several different circuits in the royal court system, served by itinerant judges who would travel from town to town dispensing the King's justice.

These deliberate acts of violence against civilians were acknowledged by the CIA as early as late 1983, when Duane Clarridge, Latin America division chief of the CIA ’ s Directorate for Operations, reported in a secret briefing to the Senate subcommittee that his contras had murdered " civilians and Sandinista officials in the provinces, as well as heads of cooperatives, nurses, doctors and judges.

Thirdly, in the judging step, these descriptions were matched by separate judges, as closely as possible, with the intended targets.

The jury and judges also noted, in their words, that Biafra “ lacked credibility ” on the songwriting issue and found from evidence presented by both sides that the songwriting credits were due to the entire band, using a clause in the band's written partnership giving a small share of every Dead Kennedys song royalty directly to the band partnership.

In addition to their roles as judges and tax collectors, governors were expected to maintain the postal service ( cursus publicus ) and ensure that town councils fulfilled their duties.

Proconsuls, for example, were often both judges of first instance and appeal, and the governors of some provinces took appellant cases from their neighbors.

:" Also in another volume from the times of Pope John XV, Dagome, lord, and Ote, lady, and their sons Misico and Lambert ( I do not know of which nation those people are, but I think they are Sardinians, for those are ruled by four judges ) were supposed to give to Saint Peter one state in whole which is called Schinesghe, with all its lands in borders which run along the long sea, along Prussia to the place called Rus, thence to Kraków and from said Kraków to the River Oder, straight to a place called Alemure, and from said Alemure to the land of Milczanie, and from the borders of that people to the Oder and from that, going along the River Oder, ending at the earlier mentioned city of Schinesghe.

The German-language Polish laws are based on the Sachsenspiegel and were written down to aid the judges.

In particular Bainimarama says that the two countries were exerting pressure on Sri Lankan judges, brought in by Bainimarama to replace the uncooperative local judiciary, not to travel to the country and refusing to grant them transit visas.

In particular Bainimarama says that the two countries were exerting pressure on Sri Lankan judges, brought in by Bainimarama to replace the uncooperative local judiciary, not to travel to the country and refusing to grant them transit visas.

In the early days of Islam, fatwās were pronounced by distinguished scholars to provide guidance to other scholars, judges and citizens on how subtle points of Islamic law should be understood, interpreted or applied.

Most important among his works were extensive commentaries on all of the official collections of papal decretals, papal judgments in the form of letters to delegated judges that were at the core of canon law.

In Carthage there were two supreme magistrates, styled kings or suffetes ( judges ).

The court system was standardized ; all judges were appointed by the national government in Paris.

Randi ’ s offer has been publicized for three decades and dozens of people have been tested, sometimes under the scrutiny of an independent panel of judges.

Under the " independent tribunal " requirement, the Court has ruled that military judges in Turkish state security courts are incompatible with Article 6.

The judicial branch, like other two branches, is technically independent and equal to other three branches, although in practice, since its judges are appointed by the president, it is beholden to the same president.

The president appoints the prime minister, the cabinet, and judges of the independent Supreme Court.

Judicial power is vested in judges appointed by the President of Lithuania and is independent of executive and legislature power.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, though the executive maintains a certain level of influence in the appointment of judges to the courts.

Many observers believe that arrears in salary payments also make it difficult for judges to remain independent from outside influences and free from corruption.

Under Marshall's conception of the judicial process in Marbury, judges themselves have no independent agency and can never take into account the consequences of their actions when deciding cases.

The adversarial nature of the system puts judges in a passive role, in which they have no independent access to information with which to assess the strength of the case against the defendant.

One common method is to take a group of seven target photos and responses, randomly shuffle the targets and responses, and then ask independent judges to rank or match the correct targets with the participant's actual responses.

The appointment of senior judges, while constitutionally still on the advice of the Prime Minister, is now made on the basis of recommendations from independent bodies.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, administering justice on behalf of the King by several judges and magistrates.

In medieval Islamic societies, the qadi ( Islamic judges ) usually could not interfere in the matters of non-Muslims unless the parties voluntarily choose to be judged according to Islamic law, thus the dhimmi communities living in Islamic states usually had their own laws independent from the sharia law, such as the Jews who would have their own Halakha courts.

His brave efforts to present his case, passionate, deeply pondered, for the concession of fundamental liberties-no taxation without consent, independent judges, trial by jury, along with the recognition of the American Continental Congress-foundered on arrogance and complacency of his peers.

In medieval Islamic societies, the qadi ( Islamic judges ) usually could not interfere in the matters of non-Muslims unless the parties voluntarily choose to be judged according to Islamic law, thus the dhimmi communities living in Islamic states usually had their own laws independent from the Sharia law, such as the Jews who would have their own Halakha courts.

Summary trials are presided over by superior officers, while more significant matters are heard by courts martial, which are presided over by independent military judges serving under the independent Office of the Chief Military Judge.

The pay of judges is determined by an independent pay review body.

Similarly, John Campbell in his Lives of the Chief Justices of England, wrote that Hale was " one of the most pure, the most pious, the most independent, and the most learned " of judges.

Coke's active intervention allowed him to " breath new life into medieval law and use it to oppose conciliar justice ", encouraging judges to be more independent and " unfettered except by the common law whose supremacy it was their duty to uphold ".

His conduct is noted as " from the first, excellent ; ever perfectly upright and fearlessly independent ", although the convention of the day was that the judges held their positions only at the pleasure of the monarch.

However, one of the judges that divided the area, Judge Agarwal, noted that many of the " independent historians " displayed an " ostrich-like attitude " toward the facts and in fact lacked any expertise on the subject while they were " withering under scrutiny ".

After adverse results in which the independent administrative law judges have ruled against the FTC ( Schering Plough and Rambus ), there has been a move towards FTC commissioners being appointed as ALJ ( Commissioner Rosch in Inova Health ).

Article V, Section 25 ( a ) of the Missouri Constitution specifies a process, known as the Missouri Plan, to appoint judges to the state Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and circuit and probate courts in the independent City of St. Louis, Jackson County ( Kansas City ), and any other circuit court where a majority of voters choose to adopt nonpartisan appointment ( currently St. Louis County, Clay County, and Platte County ).