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The kinetic of excitations in Yb-doped materials is simple and can be described within the concept of effective cross-sections ; for most Yb-doped laser materials ( as for many other optically pumped gain media ), the McCumber relation holds, although the application to the Yb-doped composite materials was under discussion .< ref name =" McCumberA ">< ref name =" McCumberB ">
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kinetic and excitations
By modifying the kinetic energy of the field, it is possible to produce Lorentz invariant field theories with excitations that propagate superluminally.
kinetic and materials
Speakers are built into the bottom of the instrument redirecting its own amplified sound back onto the sounding board, strings and magnetic pickups creating an amplitude intensity loop which in turn drives and vibrates suspended kinetic oscillators ( assemblages of vibration sensitive materials ).
Magnetostrictive materials can convert magnetic energy into kinetic energy, or the reverse, and are used to build actuators and sensors.
The Principal Investigator ( PI ) used the collected data to examine the effects of orbital kinetic energy on ionospheric irregularities and to understand the processes that take place with the venting of exhaust materials.
Since World War II, because of a reduction in effectiveness against new attack methods ( mainly shaped charges and improved kinetic energy penetrators ), RHA has been superseded by composite armour, which incorporates air spaces and materials such as ceramics or plastics in addition to steel, and explosive reactive armour.
The ions react chemically with the materials on the surface of the samples, but can also knock off ( sputter ) some material by transferring some of their kinetic energy.
Energetic neutrons produced by cosmic rays may lose most of their kinetic energy and reach thermal equilibrium with their surroundings as they are scattered by materials.
But most of all they used nontraditional materials such as industrial materials, fire and water, light, and kinetic effects.
Compared to space elevators, no new high-tensile strength materials have to be developed, since the structure resists Earth's gravity by supporting its own weight with the kinetic energy of the moving loop, and not by tensile strength.
kinetic and is
If such is the case, the particles within a distance of about Af of the Earth will have, relative to the Earth, a kinetic energy less than their potential energy and they will be captured into orbits about the Earth.
Any quantity of energy absorbed by the electron in excess of this amount is converted to kinetic energy according to the conservation of energy.
In quantum mechanics, as a particle is localized to a smaller region in space, the associated compressed wave packet requires a larger and larger range of momenta, and thus larger kinetic energy.
Alpha particles have a typical kinetic energy of 5 MeV ( that is, ≈ 0. 13 % of their total energy, i. e. 110 TJ / kg ) and a speed of 15, 000 km / s.
When a projectile is thrown by hand, the speed of the projectile is determined by the kinetic energy imparted by the thrower's muscles performing work.
As the kinetic energy K of a massive rotating body is given by
Phoenix uses its high altitude to gain gravitational potential energy, which is later converted into kinetic energy as the missile dives at high velocity towards its target.
Carbon fibre has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer.
When the energy is simply the kinetic energy of the particle
In a stable colloid, mass of a dispersed phase is so low that its buoyancy or kinetic energy is too weak to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between charged layers of the dispersing phase.
The kinetic process of destabilisation can be rather long ( up to several months or even years for some products ) and it is often required for the formulator to use further accelerating methods in order to reach reasonable development time for new product design.
The former are particles whose rest mass is zero or negligible compared to their energy, and therefore move at the speed of light or very close to it ; the latter are particles whose kinetic energy is much lower than their rest mass and therefore move much slower than the speed of light.
There is an optimum weight for bolts to achieve maximum kinetic energy, which varies depending on the strength and characteristics of the crossbow, but most could pass through common chain mail.
The translational energy of the molecule is simply given by the kinetic energy expression:
Classically, the kinetic energy of rotation is
Experimentally, however, the total kinetic energy is found to be much greater: in particular, assuming the gravitational mass is due to only the visible matter of the galaxy, stars far from the center of galaxies have much higher velocities than predicted by the virial theorem.
Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind.
Electrical power is usually generated by electro-mechanical generators driven by steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from nuclear reactions ; or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or flowing water.
In fact, it has been proven that the activation energy for the chloride ion is very low, hence favorable in kinetic terms.
Similarly, a system may transfer energy to another by physically impacting it, but in that case the energy of motion in an object, called kinetic energy, results in forces acting over distances ( new energy ) to appear in another object that is struck.
Note that the previous expression holds true only if the kinetic energy flow rate is conserved between system inlet and outlet.
kinetic and simple
The latter figure means that a nuclear fission explosion or criticality accident emits about 3. 5 % of its energy as gamma rays, less than 2. 5 % of its energy as fast neutrons ( total ~ 6 %), and the rest as kinetic energy of fission fragments ( this appears almost immediately when the fragments impact surrounding matter, as simple heat ).
The extremely high performance would permit even a late launch to succeed, and the vehicle could effectively transfer a large amount of kinetic energy to the asteroid by simple impact, and in the event of an imminent asteroid impact a few predicted deaths from fallout would probably not be considered prohibitive.
During 1857, Clausius contributed to the field of kinetic theory after refining August Krönig's very simple gas-kinetic model to include translational, rotational and vibrational molecular motions.
Hamiltonians can be used to describe such simple systems as a bouncing ball, a pendulum or an oscillating spring in which energy changes from kinetic to potential and back again over time.
Preston responded to Maxwell's criticism by arguing that the kinetic energy of each individual simple particle could be made arbitrarily low by positing a sufficiently low mass ( and higher number density ) for the particles.
The simple equations used for the conservation of kinetic energy and conservation of momentum can show this is a possible solution, but they cannot be used to predict the final velocities when there are three or more balls in a cradle, because they provide only two equations to find the three or more unknowns ( velocities of the balls ).
The simple blowback mechanism typically consists of the bolt which rests against the base of the cartridge case and a recoil spring that is compressed by the kinetic energy of the bolt when it is thrown back in recoil.
Given the inverse of the metric tensor above, the explicit form of the kinetic energy operator in terms of Euler angles follows by simple substitution.
A wind-driven whirligig transfers the energy of the wind into either a simple release of kinetic energy through rotation or a more complicated transfer of rotational energy to power a simple or complicated mechanism that produces repetitive motions and / or creates sounds.
A simple rotor ( and connected generator ) is moved by the kinetic energy.
kinetic and can
Therefore the ion speed can be computed with the following equation, which relates kinetic energy to energy gain due to the electric field.
In essence, Einstein showed that the motion can be predicted directly from the kinetic model of thermal equilibrium.
Hence, catalysts can enable reactions that would otherwise be blocked or slowed by a kinetic barrier.
Although a longbow achieves comparable accuracy and faster shooting rate than an average crossbow, crossbows release more kinetic energy and can be used effectively after a week of training, while a comparable single-shot skill with a longbow takes years of strength training to overcome the draw strength of the longbow, as well as years of practice needed to use it with skill.
One can talk of a unit for matter, like an atom or apple, and quantify how much potential and kinetic energy it has, but space and time have no unit-no identity.
Transfer of thermal energy by heat occurs by both of these mechanisms: heat can be transferred by electromagnetic radiation, or by physical contact in which direct particle-particle impacts transfer kinetic energy.
" Surface active substances " ( or " surfactants ") can increase the kinetic stability of emulsions so that the emulsion does not change significantly with time.
The kinetic process of destabilization can be rather long-up to several months, or even years for some products.
Israeli IFVs will soon employ the " Iron Fist " APS which can defeat kinetic APFSDS tank rounds.
It can fire several types of munitions, including high explosive, incendiary, and kinetic penetrator rounds.
Examples include traffic collisions, in which the effect of lost kinetic energy can be seen in the damage to the vehicles ; electrons losing some of their energy to atoms ( as in the Franck – Hertz experiment ); and particle accelerators in which the kinetic energy is converted into mass in the form of new particles.
This motion can be detected as temperature ; higher temperatures, which represent greater kinetic energy in the particles, feel warm to humans whom sense the thermal energy transferring from the object being touched to their nerves.
It is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments ( heating the bulk material where fission takes place ).
The remaining energy to initiate fission can be supplied by two other mechanisms: one of these is more kinetic energy of the incoming neutron, which is increasingly able to fission a fissionable heavy nucleus as it exceeds a kinetic energy of one MeV or more ( so-called fast neutrons ).
The orbit can be open ( so the object never returns ) or closed ( returning ), depending on the total energy ( kinetic + potential energy ) of the system.
Orbits can be artificially influenced through the use of rocket engines which change the kinetic energy of the body at some point in its path.
Since the energy of the photoelectrons emitted is exactly the energy of the incident photon minus the material's work function or binding energy, the work function of a sample can be determined by bombarding it with a monochromatic X-ray source or UV source, and measuring the kinetic energy distribution of the electrons emitted.
This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure can be explained by the First law of thermodynamics or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle.
The emitted positron travels in tissue for a short distance ( typically less than 1 mm, but dependent on the isotope ), during which time it loses kinetic energy, until it decelerates to a point where it can interact with an electron.
Several other technologies have also been investigated, such as flywheels, which can store kinetic energy, and compressed air storage that can be pumped into underground caverns and abandoned mines.
The errors induced by finite time steps tend to increase the rotational kinetic energy, ; this unphysical tendency can be counter-acted by repeatedly applying a small rotation vector perpendicular to both and, noting that.
0.266 seconds.