This remarkably general law allows mathematicians to determine the solvability of any quadratic equation in modular arithmetic.

Dutch law allows associations ( verenigingen ) and foundations ( stichtingen ) to bring a so-called collective action on behalf of other persons, provided they can represent the interests of such persons according to their by-laws ( statuten ) ( section 3: 305a Dutch Civil Code ).

Spanish law allows nominated consumer associations to take action to protect the interests of consumers.

Canadian law allows the prosecution to appeal from an acquittal.

Federal law allows a national bank to " import " these laws from the state in which its principal office is located.

The law allows the university to appoint a rector in any way, but the university statutes determine that the rector magnificus must be an active professor at the university ( and must have been that before being appointed rector ); in practice the rector is always a former department dean.

Afghanistan and Pakistan recently signed into law a new Afghan-Pak Trade and Transit Agreement ( APTTA ), which allows their shipping trucks to transit goods within both nations.

The law includes a " qui tam " provision that allows people who are not affiliated with the government to file actions on behalf of the government ( informally called " whistleblowing ").

These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them to not only focuses on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.

Military necessity admits of all direct destruction of life or limb of armed enemies, and of other persons whose destruction is incidentally unavoidable in the armed contests of the war ; it allows of the capturing of every armed enemy, and every enemy of importance to the hostile government, or of peculiar danger to the captor ; it allows of all destruction of property, and obstruction of the ways and channels of traffic, travel, or communication, and of all withholding of sustenance or means of life from the enemy ; of the appropriation of whatever an enemy's country affords necessary for the subsistence and safety of the Army, and of such deception as does not involve the breaking of good faith either positively pledged, regarding agreements entered into during the war, or supposed by the modern law of war to exist.

Though states ( or increasingly, international organizations ) are usually the only ones with standing to address a violation of international law, some treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have an optional protocol that allows individuals who have had their rights violated by member states to petition the international Human Rights Committee.

While the Florida law allows police to initiate the examination, it is the recommendations of two psychiatrists that guide the decisions of the court.

* 1900 – The Reichstag approves a second law that allows the expansion of the German navy.

English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury.

Grimm's Weisthümer ( 4 vol., 1840 – 63 ), a compilation of partially oral legal traditions from rural Germany, allows research of the development of written law in Northern Europe.

As a transitional clause, the Latvian law allows dual citizenship for those who were forced to leave Latvia during the Soviet or Nazi occupation and adopted another citizenship while away from Latvia.

Some labour law explicitly bans such activity, none explicitly allows it.

While it is one of the most commonly used concepts in logic it must not be mistaken for a logical law ; rather, it is one of the accepted mechanisms for the construction of deductive proofs that includes the " rule of definition " and the " rule of substitution " Modus ponens allows one to eliminate a conditional statement from a logical proof or argument ( the antecedents ) and thereby not carry these antecedents forward in an ever-lengthening string of symbols ; for this reason modus ponens is sometimes called the rule of detachment.

A true one-way mirror that actually allows light to be transmitted in one direction only without requiring external energy is not possible as it violates the second law of thermodynamics: if one placed a cold object on the transmitting side and a hot one on the blocked side, radiant energy would be transferred from the cold to the hot object.

This may require the jury to decide between conflicting medical evidence which they are not necessarily equipped to do, but the law goes further and allows them to disagree with the experts if there are facts or surrounding circumstances which, in the opinion of the court, justify the jury in coming to that conclusion.

A significant number of constituencies were contested by nationals of countries outside the UK, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and India, as British electoral law allows any member of a Commonwealth country to stand for Parliament.

An argument often used against the system is that it is undemocratic as it allows judges, which may or may not be elected, to make law.

This law allows that stable long-run frequencies are a manifestation of invariant single-case probabilities.

Judges have accepted that the principle of party autonomy allows the parties to select the law most appropriate to their transaction.

The public atmosphere that has been generated which makes acceptance of this law a possibility stems from the disrepute into which the labor movement has fallen as a result of Mr. McClellan's hearings into corruption in labor-management relations and, later, into the jurisdictional squabbles that plagued industrial relations at the missile sites.

The decision of the Council came to be called the Apostolic Decree () and was that most Mosaic law, including the requirement for circumcision of males, was not obligatory for Gentile converts, possibly in order to make it easier for them to join the movement.

Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on King Mohammed VI, and he enacted a new Mudawana, or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists.

Advocates of the movement seek to highlight the deeply rooted teachings of equality in the Quran and encourage a questioning of the patriarchal interpretation of Islamic teaching through the Quran ( holy book ), hadith ( sayings of Muhammad ) and sharia ( law ) towards the creation of a more equal and just society.

He anticipated modern Islamists by leading a jihad movement and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law.

* Jewish Renewal is a recent North American movement which focuses on spirituality and social justice, but does not address issues of Jewish law.

These left-wing Orthodox rabbis were joined by right-wing Reform rabbis who felt that Jewish law should not be entirely abandoned, to form the Conservative movement.

Karl Llewellyn, another founder of the U. S. legal realism movement, similarly believed that the law is little more than putty in the hands of a judge who is able to shape the outcome of a case based on personal biases.

As well as the libre licences described above, which require copyright law to function, members of the libre movement have also created symbols and statements that purport to operate without a legal mechanism.

That is, movement adds only a fraction of the medium's velocity to the light ( predicted by Fresnel in order to make Snell's law work in all frames of reference, consistent with stellar aberration ).

Ginzberg ’ s initiative to base halakhic decisions on law committees and not laymen is the method the Conservative movement describes as its present one till today.

Although a counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on King Mohammed, and he enacted a new Mudawana, or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists.

* 1961 – American civil rights movement: Alabama Governor John Malcolm Patterson declares martial law in an attempt to restore order after race riots break out.

The concept of natural law entered the mainstream of Western culture through his Aristotelian commentaries, influencing the subsequent Averroist movement and the writings of Thomas Aquinas.

Among these is who is considered the patriarch of Russian geography: Mikhail Lomonosov who in the mid-1750s began working in the Department of Geography, Academy of Sciences to conduct research in Siberia, their contributions are notable in this regard, shows the soil organic origin, develops a comprehensive law on the movement of the ice that still governs the basics, thereby founding a new branch of Geography: Glaciology.

In the USSR, political studies were carried out under the guise of some other disciplines like theory of state and law, area studies, international relations, studies of labor movement, " critique of bourgeois theories " etc.

The repeal movement was started by a wealthy Republican, Pauline Sabin, who said that prohibition should be repealed because it made the US a nation of hypocrites and undermined its respect for the rule of law.

However, this is not recognized by federal Mexican law as the Zapatista movement is strongly opposed by the federal government.

Since 2002, the Conservative movement has coalesced around a single across-the board approach to the role of women in Jewish law.

The Reform movement rejects the idea that halakha ( Jewish law ) is the sole legitimate form of Jewish decision making, and holds that Jews can and must consider their conscience and ethical principles inherent in the Jewish tradition when deciding upon a right course of action.

In Durban, the city council routinely evicts without a court order in defiance of the law, and there has been sustained conflict between the city council and a shack dwellers ' movement known as Abahlali baseMjondolo.

The Fundamentalist movement: Fundamentalists, wishing to return to basic religious values and law, have in some instances imposed harsh sharia punishments for crimes, curtailed civil rights, and violated human rights.

They are often described as the law and economics movement.

The first law asserts the existence of a quantity called the internal energy of a system, which is distinguishable from the kinetic energy of bulk movement of the system and from its potential energy with respect to its surroundings.

The Levellers were a political movement during the English Civil War which emphasised popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance, all of which were expressed in the manifesto " Agreement of the People ".