Sometimes the monks were directly subject to the lay abbot ; sometimes he appointed a substitute to perform the spiritual functions, known usually as dean ( decanus ), but also as abbot ( abbas legitimas, monasticus, regularis ).

When the great reform of the 11th century had put an end to the direct jurisdiction of the lay abbots, the honorary title of abbot continued to be held by certain of the great feudal families, as late as the 13th century and later, the actual head of the community retaining that of dean.

These lay brothers were bound by vows of chastity and obedience to their abbot, but were otherwise permitted to follow a less demanding form of Cistercian life.

Odo was also the lay abbot of St. Martin of Tours.

He was son of Crínán, hereditary lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethóc, daughter of king Malcolm II of Scotland ( Máel Coluim mac Cináeda ).

His grandson Thorfinn would have been unlikely to accepted as king by the Scots, and he chose the sons of his other daughter, Bethóc, who was married to Crínán, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and perhaps Mormaer of Atholl.

By 1381 there were only fourteen choir monks, three lay brothers and the abbot left at Rievaulx, and some buildings were reduced in size.

Crínán of Dunkeld, the grandfather of Máel Coluim III, was a lay abbot, and tradition says that even the clerical members were married, though unlike the priests of the Eastern Orthodox Church, they lived apart from their wives during their term of sacerdotal service.

Each was an independent establishment controlled entirely by its own abbot and apparently divided into two sections, one priestly and the other lay and even married.

The Privy Council selected George Buchanan, Peter Young, Adam Erskine ( lay abbot of Cambuskenneth ), and David Erskine ( lay abbot of Dryburgh ) as James's preceptors or tutors.

He was probably raised either at the imperial palace, where his mother continued to live until the death of the emperor, or at the monastery of St. Riquier, where his father was lay abbot.

Nithard himself later became lay abbot of St Riquier in commendam.

1 ) is a lavishly illuminated 9th century manuscript Bible commissioned by Count Vivien, the lay abbot of St. Martin at Tours, and presented to Charles the Bald in 846 on a visit to the church.

Thus, though it lay so close to Provins, a seat of the counts of Champagne and the abbey church was completed by Henri le Libéral, comte de Champagne, the priory at Saint-Loup-de-Naud looked to Sens for its patronage: a visit from the abbot is documented in 1120.

Such townspeople needed physical protection from lawless nobles and bandits, part of the motivation for gathering behind communal walls, but the struggle to establish their liberties, the freedom to conduct and regulate their own affairs and security from arbitrary taxation and harassment from the bishop, abbot, or count in whose jurisdiction these obscure and ignoble social outsiders lay, was a long process of struggling to obtain charters that guaranteed such basics as the right to hold a market.

Crínán of Dunkeld ( died 1045 ) was the lay abbot of the diocese of Dunkeld, and perhaps the Mormaer of Atholl.

Its abbots, like many Gaelic abbots of the period, took a strong role in secular affairs, hence the term " lay abbot ".

Saint Gilbert of Sempringham ( about 1083 – 4 February 1190 ) became the only Englishman to found a conventual order, mainly because the abbot of Cîteaux declined his request to assist him in helping a group of women living with lay brothers and sisters, in 1148 In turn he founded a monastery of Canons Regular.

The conversus, the lay brother properly so called, made solemn vows like the choir monks, and wore the scapular ; the commissus made simple vows, and was dressed like a monk, but without the scapular ; the oblatus made a vow of obedience to the abbot, gave himself and his goods to the monastery, and wore a sober secular dress.

Boso was also a nephew of the Italian count Boso, for whom he was named, and of Hucbert, lay abbot of Saint Maurice d ’ Agaune, to which he succeeded as lay abbot in 869.

At one point in the game when the skinny old man in suspenders who was acting as umpire got in the way of a thrown ball and took it painfully in the kidneys, he lay there unattended while players and spectators wrangled over whether the ball was `` dead '' or the base runners were free to score.

Sand's article was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place.

In the meantime, events in Naples took an unexpected turn when the Duke of Anjou died in 1384, leaving King Charles III able to lay claim to Hungary.

The king was absent in France in 1159, and Rhys took the opportunity to attack Dyfed and then to lay siege to Carmarthen, which was saved by a relief force led by Earl Reginald of Cornwall.

The first " battle " was said to last a few seconds or so, but took a toll, as several white and black lay dead or dying in the street.

During its time in Avignon the Papacy adopted many features of the Royal court: the life-style of its cardinals was more reminiscent of princes than clerics ; more and more French cardinals, often relatives of the ruling pope, took key positions ; and the proximity of French troops was a constant reminder of where secular power lay, with the memory of Boniface VIII still fresh.

On August 5, 1772, the occupation manifesto was issued, much to the consternation of a country too exhausted by the endeavors of the Confederation of Bar to offer successful resistance ; nonetheless several battles and sieges took place, as Polish troops refused to lay down their arms ( most notably, in Tyniec, Częstochowa and Kraków ).

The Senate, which practically took all temporal power from the Pope during the pontificate of Innocent II, had been managed with considerable skill and firmness by Lucius at the beginning of his pontificate, convincing many senators to either leave the Capitoline Hill or to lay down their magisterium.

In the Vigil of the Princes, Prince Albert and his three brothers took a shift standing guard over their father's body as it lay in state, in a closed casket, in Westminster Hall.

At the Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle ( 828 ), the duchy and march of Friuli, in which Padua lay, was divided into four counties, one of which took its title from the city of Padua.

The advantage lay with Bitish when one Spanish warship ran aground and another was captured but the Briish commander failed to capitalise and the Spanish fleet took shelter in Havana.

Accounts vary about what happened to the diamond during the years 1902-1907 ; one account suggested that it lay in the Frankel safe during these years while the jewelers took it out periodically to show it to wealthy Americans ; a rival account, probably invented to help add " mystery " to the Hope Diamond story, suggested that some persons had bought it but apparently sold it back to Frankel.

Before the 19th century, nuns took care of sick and injured people so it was obvious that trained lay nurses might copy the nun's habit as they have adopted ranks like " Sister ".

It is also said that Celeborn took many boats of elves, ready for war, over Anduin and attacked Dol Guldur for Galadriel herself threw down its walls and lay bare its pits ; thus the forest was cleansed, reverting back to its original name Greenwood the Great.

There, according to Theophanes, he took out his frustration by slaughtering as many of the Slavs in and around Opsikion as he could lay his hands on.

As the President of the Senate, Mansfield delivered the lead eulogy on November 24, 1963, witnessed by Jacqueline Kennedy, as President Kennedy's casket lay in state in the Capitol rotunda: " And so she took a ring from her finger and placed it in his hands, and kissed him, and closed the lid of a coffin.

Friar Marcos de Niza ( 1539 ) writing of the " Chichimecas ": that from time to time " they of this valley cast lots whose luck ( honour ) it shall be to be sacrificed, and they make him great cheer, on whom the lot falls, and with great joy they crown him with flowers upon a bed prepared in the said ditch all full of flowers and sweet herbs, on which they lay him along, and lay great store of dry wood on both sides of him, and set it on fire on either part, and so he dies " and " that the victim took great pleasure " in being sacrificed.

For many years the château lay abandoned until the government of France took possession just before World War II eventually converting it to a museum.

They took her body and lay the girl face down on the prairie, where her blood would enter the earth and fertilize the ground.

In the end, most who took up the call were not knights, but peasants who were not wealthy and had little in the way of fighting skills, in an outpouring of a new emotional and personal piety that was not easily harnessed by the ecclesiastical and lay aristocracy.

In 1866 Württemberg took up arms on behalf of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, but three weeks after the Battle of Königgratz ( 3 July 1866 ) her troops suffered a comprehensive defeat at Tauberbischofsheim, and the country lay at the mercy of Prussia.

Pius XI took strong interests in fostering the participation of lay people throughout the Church, especially in the Catholic Action movement.

In 1883, the historian R. I. Holcombe wrote, to the contrary, " The town took its name from the circumstance of there being a spring under the hill, on the creek, while on top of the hill, where the principal portion of the town lay, there was a field.