In addition to the heart and aorta, successful measurements of liver and spleen have also been made by this technique.

A system had to be used which did not depend upon the feeding of the fluid into the manometer if measurements of the normal pressure were to be made in a reasonable time.

All subsequent measurements were made on material which had been heated to 375-degrees-C for one hour.

-- An extensive series of measurements was made on a high-density polyethylene in a torsion pendulum instrument using forced sinusoidal oscillation, free vibration, and creep measurements over the temperature range of Af to 80-degrees-C.

These theoretical relationships are more clearly illustrated in Fig. 7 and their sum can be seen to correlate in form with practical measurements made with the Hesiometer as illustrated in the first portion of Fig. 5 for the cutting mechanism.

Precise measurements of the relative positions of the inner planets can be made by radar and by telemetry from space probes.

John Flamsteed, from measurements made in 1689 and succeeding years with his mural quadrant, similarly concluded that the declination of the Pole Star was 40 ″ less in July than in September.

Satellite measurements made in 1999 with the Wide Field Infrared Explorer showed that the brightness of Altair fluctuates slightly, varying by less than a thousandth of a magnitude.

Altair was later observed to be flattened by infrared interferometric measurements made by the Palomar Testbed Interferometer in 1999 and 2000.

This phenomenon, known as gravity darkening or the von Zeipel effect, was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer in 2001, and analyzed by Ohishi et al.

( 2005 ) verified gravity darkening using the measurements made by the Palomar and Navy interferometers, together with new measurements made by the VINCI instrument at the VLTI.

Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate measurements of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the Universe appears to be accelerating.

The fortress at Montjuïc, most southerly point from which measurements were made when calculating the History of the metre # Meridional definition | meridional definition of the metre

The recent measurements made by WMAP, for example, have placed limits on the neutrino masses.

Coulomb and Mott scattering measurements can be made by using electron beams as scattering probes, and similarly, positron annihilation can be used as an indirect measurement of local electron density.

The Board of Trade carat was divisible into four diamond grains, but measurements were typically made in multiples of carat.

Random errors will tend to cancel out as more measurements are made, due to regression to the mean ; systematic errors will be detected by differences between the measurements ( and will also tend to cancel out since the direction of the error will still be random ).

After Zwicky's initial observations, the first indication that the mass to light ratio was anything other than unity came from measurements made by Horace Babcock.

After the invention of the telescope, measurements were made by observing occultations of stars by the Moon, which allowed the derivation of more closely spaced and more accurate values for ΔT.

Simultaneously with the anode surface temperature and voltage measurements pyrometer readings were taken along the cylindrical surface of the carbon anode holder as indicated on figure 2.

It is sufficiently small compared with the surface temperature of the anode holder, to make the energy flux radiated from the environment toward the anode holder negligible within the accuracy of the present measurements.

( B. D. Coleman with Walter Noll, Department of Mathematics, Carnegie Institute of Technology ) viscoelastic measurements

With more advanced equipment, but still cheap in comparison to professional setups, amateur astronomers can measure the light spectrum emitted from astronomical objects, which can yield high-quality scientific data if the measurements are performed with due care.

As with all radar measurements, these rely on measuring the time taken for photons to be reflected from an object.

One of these corrections is that for lamp flicker noise, which is independent of wavelength, resulting in measurements with very low noise level ; other corrections are those for background absorption, as will be discussed later.

Sonic anemometers can take measurements with very fine temporal resolution, 20 Hz or better, which makes them well suited for turbulence measurements.

Meyer favored measurements and calculations in his presentations to clients, along with the use of off-the-shelf architectural components to reduce costs, and this approach proved attractive to potential clients.

These measurements are expected to provide further confirmation of the theory as well as information about cosmic inflation, and the so-called secondary anisotropies, such as the Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich effect and Sachs-Wolfe effect, which are caused by interaction between galaxies and clusters with the cosmic microwave background.

The quantum hall effect is another example of measurements with high magnetic fields where topological properties such as Chern-Simons angle can be measured experimentally.

Gauss ordered a magnetic observatory to be built in the garden of the observatory, and with Weber founded the " Magnetischer Verein " ( magnetic club in German ), which supported measurements of Earth's magnetic field in many regions of the world.

A number of ground-based interferometers provided measurements of the fluctuations with higher accuracy over the next three years, including the Very Small Array, Degree Angular Scale Interferometer ( DASI ), and the Cosmic Background Imager ( CBI ).

For measurements at experimentally controlled temperature, it is again assumed that the volume of the body of calorimetric material can be expressed as a function of its temperature and pressure, with the same provisos as mentioned just above.

The area, height and width of displays with identical diagonal measurements vary dependent on aspect ratio.

In physical sciences, numerical values ( such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement ) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values.

The self-diffusion coefficient of water has been experimentally determined with high accuracy and thus serves often as a reference value for measurements on other liquids.

Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer require a reflector or prism ( used to return the light pulses used for distancing ) to return distance measurements, are fully robotic, and can even e-mail point data to the office computer and connect to satellite positioning systems, such as a Global Positioning System.

However, the surface temperature gradient can produce erroneous vapor-pressure measurements for the bulk liquid helium unless precautions are taken to isolate the tube ( which passes through the surface to the vapor pressure bulb ) from the liquid helium surface.

If one assumes that the average flux did not change between measurements, a mass-distribution curve is obtained which relates the flux of particles larger than a given radius to the inverse 7/2 power of the radius.

This push to confine the study of mass behaviour to the measurements of parameters involved in differential equations has led sociology perilously close to the reduction of the word `` mass '' to mean a small group in which certain relations between all pairs of individuals in such a group can be studied.

Celsius conducted many geographical measurements for the Swedish General map, and was one of earliest to note that much of Scandinavia is slowly rising above sea level, a continuous process which has been occurring since the melting of the ice from the latest ice age.

By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems.

Their main disadvantage is the distortion of the flow itself by the structure supporting the transducers, which requires a correction based upon wind tunnel measurements to minimize the effect.

According to the most recent measurements and observations, the Big Bang occurred approximately 13. 75 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the Universe.

The best measurements available ( from WMAP ) show that the data is well-fit by a Lambda-CDM model in which dark matter is assumed to be cold ( warm dark matter is ruled out by early reionization ), and is estimated to make up about 23 % of the matter / energy of the universe, while baryonic matter makes up about 4. 6 %.

Shortly after, in 1869, Irish chemist Thomas Andrews studied the phase transition from a liquid to a gas and coined the term critical point to describe the instant at which a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases, and Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures.

Although WMAP provided very accurate measurements of the great angular-scale fluctuations in the CMB ( structures about as broad in the sky as the moon ), it did not have the angular resolution to measure the smaller scale fluctuations which had been observed by former ground-based interferometers.

Its detectors got a trial run at the Antarctic Viper telescope as ACBAR ( Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver ) experiment — which has produced the most precise measurements at small angular scales to date — and at the Archeops balloon telescope.

This is because of a greatly reduced likelihood of errors: for a consensus estimate from multiple measurements to be wrong, the errors would have to be similar for all samples and all methods of measurement, which is extremely unlikely.

In 1939, Babcock reported in his PhD thesis measurements of the rotation curve for Andromeda which suggested that the mass-to-luminosity ratio increases radially.