A musician and a scholar, Amir Khusrow was as prolific in tender lyrics as in highly involved prose and could easily emulate all styles of Persian poetry which had developed in medieval Persia, from < u > Kh </ u > āqānī's forceful qasidas to Nizami's < u > kh </ u > amsa.

In medieval times, the melodic systems were fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of Sufi composers like Amir Khusro, and later in the Moghul courts.

Demai ii. 23a, R. H. 34a ), one of which — that regulating the sounding of the shofar — has since been universally adopted, and is referred to by medieval Jewish casuists as " Takkanat R. Abbahu " ( the Enactment of R. Abbahu ; compare " Maḥzor Vitry ", Berlin, 1893, p. 355 ).

* ( Gal ) Pena, Xosé Ramón, " Historia da litratura medieval galego-portuguesa ", Santiago de Compostela, 2002, 199-210.

Geoffrey of Monmouth Latinised this to Caliburnus ( likely influenced by the medieval Latin spelling calibs of Classical Latin chalybs, from Greek " χάλυψ ", " steel "), the name of Arthur's sword in his 12th-century work Historia Regum Britanniae.

This statement was likely picked up by the author of the Estoire Merlin, or Vulgate Merlin, where the author ( who was fond of fanciful folk etymologies ) asserts that Escalibor " is a Hebrew name which means in French ' cuts iron, steel, and wood '" (" c ' est non Ebrieu qui dist en franchois trenche fer & achier et fust "; note that the word for " steel " here, achier, also means " blade " or " sword " and comes from medieval Latin aciarium, a derivative of acies " sharp ", so there is no direct connection with Latin chalybs in this etymology ).

* Ecclesia and Synagoga, meaning " Church and Synagogue ", are a pair of figures personifying the Roman Catholic Church and the Jewish synagogue found in medieval Christian art.

The transfer of debt, which was " not permissible under Roman law but became widely practiced in medieval Europe, especially in commercial transactions ", was due to the large extent of the " trade conducted by the Italian cities with the Muslim world in the Middle Ages ".

Ruth Benedict made a distinction, relevant in this context, between " guilt " societies ( e. g., medieval Europe ) with an " internal reference standard ", and " shame " societies ( e. g., Japan, " bringing shame upon one's ancestors ") with an " external reference standard ", where people look to their peers for feedback on whether an action is " acceptable " or not ( also known as " group-think ").

So, for example, the 16th-century humanist scholar Polydore Vergil famously rejected the claim that Arthur was the ruler of a post-Roman empire, found throughout the post-Galfridian medieval " chronicle tradition ", to the horror of Welsh and English antiquarians.

This class is often translated as " knight "; the medieval knight, however, was called miles in Latin, ( which in classical Latin meant " soldier ", normally infantry ).

The Libro de los Juegos, (" Book of games "), or Libro de acedrex, dados e tablas, (" Book of chess, dice and tables ", in Old Spanish ) was commissioned by Alfonso X of Castile, Galicia and León and completed in his scriptorium in Toledo in 1283, is an exemplary piece of Alfonso ’ s medieval literary legacy.

Historian Michael Clanchy noted " the medieval axiom that laymen are illiterate and its converse that clergy are literate ", so it may be the case that few soldiers read Vegetius ' work.

In medieval times, the word " Temaemiso ", meaning home-made miso, appeared.

Aristotle in his Metaphysics argues for the existence of an " unmoved mover ", an argument taken up in medieval scholastics.

In the foundation myth expressed in the medieval Turkish story known as " Osman's Dream ", the young Osman was inspired to conquest by a prescient vision of empire ( according to his dream, the empire is a big tree whose roots spread through three continents and whose branches cover the sky ).

Tantra, literally meaning " formula ", " method, or " way ", ( parallel to the Chinese Tao, which also means " the way " or " the method "), and also having the secondary meaning of " loom ", " thread " or " warp and woof " is the name scholars give to a style of religious ritual and meditation that arose in medieval India no later than the fifth century CE, and which came to influence all forms of Asian religious expression to a greater or lesser degree.

Modern police in Europe has a precedent in the Hermandades, or " brotherhoods ", peacekeeping associations of armed individuals, a characteristic of municipal life in medieval Spain, especially in Castile.

The medieval texts do not refer to him directly, but mediate their allusions through a body of accounts and reports: for Langland, Robin exists principally in " rimes ", for Bower, " comedies and tragedies ", while for Wyntoun he is " commendyd gude ".

The expanded Pseudo-Ignatian version of Magnesians, possibly from the middle of the 3rd century, rewrites this passage to make " Lord's " refer to the first day ( the variant textual reading of kata kyriaken zontes, " living according to the Lord's ", is supported by the medieval Latin manuscript Codex Caiensis 395, " secundum Dominicam viventes ").

Described by the Government as " The oldest military formation in the Republic, nominated in the statutes of 1295 ", its uniform is medieval in design, and although it is a statutory military unit, it has no actual military function today.

Some continuity theorists point to earlier intellectual revolutions occurring in the Middle Ages, usually referring to either a European " Renaissance of the 12th century " or a medieval " Muslim scientific revolution ", as a sign of continuity.

The word " thesaurus " is derived from 16th-century New Latin, in turn from Latin thēsaurus, which is the latinisation of the Greek ( thēsauros ), literally " treasure store ", generally meaning a collection of things which are of big importance or value ( and thus the medieval rank of thesaurer was a synonym for treasurer ).

Image: Citadelle meybod. jpg | A medieval citadel in Maybod, Yazd province.

This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the Middle East and Near East, ancient Iran, ancient Egypt, ancient Nubia, and Anatolia ( Turkey ), Ancient Nok, Carthage, the Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe, medieval Europe, ancient and medieval China, ancient and medieval India, ancient and medieval Japan, amongst others.

For example, Girih tiles in a medieval Islamic mosque in Isfahan, Iran, are arranged in a two-dimensional quasicrystalline pattern.

It sported a Persian bazaar that catered to tastes and styles popular then in medieval Iran.

However, all sources confirm that he was from Nishapur, a major city of medieval Khorasan ( now located in the northeast of Iran ), and according to ` Awfi, he was a poet of the Seljuq period.

The Nezamiyehs (), () are a group of the medieval institutions of higher education established by Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in the eleventh century in Iran.

Upon the death of Aspagur, Mirian was installed on the throne of Iberia by his father whom the medieval Georgian chronicles refer to as " K ' asre " ( Khosrau ), Great King of Iran.

This being during the rule of the Sassanid dynasty over Iran, the medieval author of the chronicles assumed ( or invented ) Mirian's descent from the Sassanids.

* It is also the old name of Iran used mostly by Arabs and Turks ( keshvar-e Ajam ) as a synonym to Persia, also a medieval name for the Persian Gulf ( Bahr-e Ajam ), or to refer to the follower of Shia religion.

The medieval Nestorian movement survives in the Assyrian Church of the East, practiced most widely in Iran, Iraq, and Syria.

The term coming from the regional name Pahlav / Fahlav ( see fahlaviyat ) in traditional medieval Persian sources and used to call " dialect poetry and other samples of locales in western Iran reflects the Parthian period " of those regions and their languages, " being survivals of the Median dialects have certain linguistic affinities with Parthian ".

Rewari was an important stopover in medieval times for traders from Iran and Iraq on the way to Delhi.

Rud-khan Castle ( also Rood-khan Castle ) is a brick and stone medieval castle in Iran.

Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-Amuli was a medieval Persian physician from Amol, Iran.

While the old museum always had a clear mandate to show archaeological relics ( to also include some rare medieval textiles and rug pieces ), the new museum began its life by featuring the exquisite Amlash pottery from the prehistoric Caspian Sea regions of Iran.

The Khilji people of Iran and Afghanistan, the Ghilzai and the Khaldji people of Bengal and Sindh claim to be descendants of medieval Khilji clans, although they have intermarried with other groups and share few physical similarities with the original Khiljis.

The excavators originally divided the site ’ s occupation history into ten periods based on the nature of material finds in the different strata: the oldest, period X, stretches back to the Neolithic period, after which there was fairly continuous occupation until the early Iron Age ( ca 1250-330 BC ), followed by a hiatus before subsequent reoccupation ; occupation finally ends in Iran ’ s medieval period ( Hasanlu period I ).

The fire, the star, and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran.

Others have drawn attention to close parallels in the story of Sir Isumbras, and in other medieval hagiographic works, with tales from Iran and northern India.