Some warriors wore coats of heavily-plaited Phormium tenax, which gave defense characteristics similar to a medieval gambeson, slowing musket balls to be wounding rather than deadly.

The term aketon, originally medieval French alcottonem might be a loan from Arabic al-qutn " cotton ( definite article-the cotton )".

The variations range from training of historical dueling practices ( usually with an appropriate period sword such as an arming sword or rapier and wrestling as a martial art ), to reenactment of historical or legendary battles of the medieval period.

Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics.

From biblical to medieval Christian traditions, tensions between self-affirmation and other-regard were sometimes discussed under the heading of " disinterested love ," as in the Pauline phrase " love seeks not its own interests.

Later, and in medieval Europe, jetons were manufactured.

These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique ( many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg ) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes.

The city suffered extreme overcrowding and deplorable sanitary conditions up to 1875 when the medieval fortifications were finally abandoned as a limit to building operations and new, less miserable quarters were built in the eastern part of the city, where drainage of waste liquids was easiest.

During his tenure as abbot, he supported the abbey with gifts ; the medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury said that they were splendid and many.

The medieval Islamic scientists were not far behind, as they understood the actual mechanism of bird flight.

In medieval Europe, egg whites were used as glue to decorate parchments with gold leaf.

Some writers trace the process to the medieval mode of trial by combat, in which some litigants, notably women, were allowed a champion to represent them.

The two solstices, the two equinoxes and four cross-quarter days, days half-way between a solstice and the equinox were associated with the medieval Celtic calendar.

Beltane and Samhain were the leading terminal dates of the civil year in medieval Ireland, though the latter festival was the more important.

Conceived while Atkinson and Curtis were working on Not the Nine O ' Clock News, the series dealt comically with a number of medieval issues in Britain – witchcraft, Royal succession, European relations, the Crusades and the conflict between the Church and the Crown.

Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

In medieval England, boroughs were also entitled to elect members of parliament.

During the medieval period many towns were granted self-governance by the Crown, at which point they became referred to as boroughs.

The moor gave its name ( Foweymore ) to one of the medieval districts called stannaries which administered tin mining: the boundaries of these were never defined precisely.

Cranmer's work of simplification and revision was also applied to the Daily Offices, which were to become Morning, and Evening Prayer ; and which he hoped would also serve as a daily form of prayer to be used by the Laity, thus replacing both the late medieval lay observation of the Latin Hours of the Virgin, and its English equivalent, the Primer.

The whole act of parish worship might take well over two hours ; and accordingly, churches were equipped with pews in which households could sit together ( whereas in the medieval church, men and women had worshipped separately ).

The earliest pioneers of chemistry and the scientific method, were medieval Arab and Persian scholars.

Evidence from the archaeological and historical record of Ancient Rome and medieval Mesopotamia indicates that coins were collected and catalogued by scholars and state treasuries.

The medieval European Knights Templar ran an early prototype of a central banking system, as their promises to pay were widely respected, and many regard their activities as having laid the basis for the modern banking system.

The Annals of Ulster which cover medieval Ireland between AD 431 to AD 1540 were written at Belle Isle on Lough Erne near Lisbellaw.

Decrees concerning sacred music and religious art, though inexplicit, were subsequently amplified by theologians and writers to condemn many types of Renaissance and medieval styles and iconographies, impacting heavily on the development of these art forms.

Various medieval garments used in past coronation ceremonies were also sold off at the time, an irreparable loss.

It is one of the oldest City Guilds and developed from the medieval trade guild of the furriers: members dressed and traded furs that were used for trimming and lining the garments of the rich.

Well known armour types in European history include the lorica hamata, lorica squamata, and the lorica segmentata of the Roman legions, the mail hauberk of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later medieval and renaissance knights, and breast and back plates worn by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I ( 1914 – 15 ).

Excavations on Glastonbury Tor, undertaken by a team led by Philip Rahtz between 1964 and 1966, revealed evidence of Dark Age occupation around the later medieval church of St. Michael: postholes, two hearths including a metalworker's forge, two burials oriented north-south ( thus unlikely to be Christian ), fragments of 6th century Mediterranean amphorae ( vases for wine or cooking oil ), and a worn hollow bronze head which may have topped a Saxon staff.

Dreadlocks are associated most closely with the Rastafari movement, but people from many ethnic groups in history before them have worn dreadlocks, including many ancient Semitic and Indo-Aryan peoples of the Near East and Asia Minor, Sadhus of Nepal, India and the Sufi Rafaees, the Māori people of New Zealand, the Maasai and the Oromo of Ethiopia, and the Sufi malangs and fakirs of Pakistan, and medieval Irish Warriors.

This was in reference to the short miniskirts " that barely cover the buttocks " worn by women of the tribe, and which were " probably shocking " to observers in medieval and early modern times .< ref >

Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation ( BCV ) is a method of ventilation which requires the patient to wear an upper body shell or cuirass, so named after the body armor worn by medieval soldiers.

; 1267: In a special session, the Vienna city council forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum ( a cone-shaped head dress, common in medieval illustrations of Jews ); the badge does not seem to have been worn in Austria.

The cloth covered button on the crown is about the size of a bean and may be the origin of the term " beanie ," though some academics believe that the term is derived from a type of headgear worn in some medieval universities.

Straw hats have been worn consistently in Europe and Asia in the Summer since before the middle ages, and arguably are the least-changed form of headgear, since many medieval examples would draw no special attention if worn today.

One of the flat hats worn in academia is known as a bonnet or Tudor bonnet and derives directly from medieval headgear of the period of the original 1571 Bill.

Monastic scapulars originated as aprons worn by medieval monks, and were later extended to habits for members of religious organizations, orders or confraternities.

Vambraces may be worn with or without separate couters in a full suit of medieval armour.

It was worn as a helmet during the medieval period.

Cerveillieres were worn throughout the medieval period and even during the Renaissance.

The gorget hanging from a chain around the neck ( and a last survival of medieval armour ) was the only universally recognised mark of an officer until epaulettes developed from clusters of ribbons formerly worn on the shoulder.

As a result, mail was very expensive in early medieval Europe, and would likely have been worn by men of status and wealth.

# Artistic dress has romantic, vaguely medieval lines with a slight train, and is worn without a corset or hoops.

Winklepicker shoes, inspired by the Poulaines worn by the medieval French nobility, were a conspicuous contrast to the brothel creepers worn by Teddy Boys.

The origin of the chimere has been the subject of much debate ; but the view that it is a modification of the cope is now discarded, and it is practically proved to be derived from the medieval tabard ( tabardum, taberda or collobium ), an upper garment worn in civil life by all classes of people both in England and abroad.

In European history, well-known armor types include the mail hauberk of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later Medieval and Renaissance knights, and a few key components ( breast and back plates ) by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I ( 1914 – 15 ).